tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74956577023328561972024-03-04T22:07:02.883-08:00Energy Science TrendsUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-15153910640209938342024-01-12T10:23:00.000-08:002024-01-12T11:20:36.098-08:00$280 billion in new funding to boost domestic research and manufacturing of semiconductors in the United States,<p> <span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">CHIPS and Science Act</b><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">is a U.S. federal statute enacted by the</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="117th United States Congress">117th United States Congress</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">and signed into law by President</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">on August 9, 2022. The act authorizes roughly $280 billion in new funding to boost domestic research and manufacturing of</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductors" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semiconductors">semiconductors</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">in the United States, for which it appropriates $52.7 billion.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Politico_20220809_1-0" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Politico_20220809-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The act includes $39 billion in subsidies for chip manufacturing on U.S. soil along with 25% investment tax credits for costs of manufacturing equipment, and $13 billion for semiconductor research and workforce training, with the dual aim of strengthening American</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_resilience" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supply chain resilience">supply chain resilience</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">and countering</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="China">China</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Economist_2023-03-06_4-0" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Economist_2023-03-06-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SJMN_2022-09-04_5-0" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-SJMN_2022-09-04-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;">: <span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The CHIPS and Science Act aims to create a new world order. The $280 billion package includes $39 billion to help with the financing of semiconductor fabrication, assembly, testing and advanced packaging, as well as $13.2 billion toward research and workforce development. It also provides a 25% investment tax credit for capital costs of manufacturing equipment."">1</span> </sup><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">It also invests $174 billion in the overall ecosystem of public sector research in science and technology, including in</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NASA">NASA</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">, the</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Department of Energy">DOE</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">, and</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McKinsey_2022_6-0" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-McKinsey_2022-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSIS_2_2022_7-0" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-CSIS_2_2022-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Atlantic_20220810_8-0" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Atlantic_20220810-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The act does not have an official short title as a whole but is divided into three divisions with their own short titles: Division A is the <b>CHIPS Act of 2022</b> (where CHIPS stands for "Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors"); Division B is the <b>Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act</b>; and Division C is the <b>Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022</b>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The <b>CHIPS and Science Act</b> combines two bipartisan bills: the <b>Endless Frontier Act</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> designed to boost investment in domestic high-tech research, and the <b>CHIPS for America Act</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> designed to bring semiconductor manufacturing back to the U.S. The act is aimed at competing with China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The <b>Endless Frontier Act</b> was initially presented to Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (D-NY) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Young" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Todd Young">Todd Young</a> (R-IN) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_State" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Under Secretary of State">Under Secretary of State</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_J._Krach" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Keith J. Krach">Keith Krach</a> in October 2019, as part of the Global Economic Security Strategy to boost investment in high-tech research vital to U.S. national security.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Krach_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Krach-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> The plan was to grow $150 billion in government R&D funding into a $500 billion investment, with matching investments from the private sector and a coalition of technological allies dubbed the "Techno-Democracies-10" (TD-10).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Krach_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Krach-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> On May 27, 2020, Senators Young and Schumer, along with Congressmen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro_Khanna" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ro Khanna">Ro Khanna</a> (D-CA) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gallagher_(American_politician)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mike Gallagher (American politician)">Mike Gallagher</a> (R-WI.), introduced the bipartisan, bicameral <b>Endless Frontier Act</b> to solidify the United States' leadership in scientific and technological innovation through increased investments in the discovery, creation, and commercialization of technology fields of the future.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The <b>United States Innovation and Competition Act of 2021 (USICA)</b> (S. 1260), formerly known as the Endless Frontier Act, was United States legislation sponsored by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Majority Leader</a> Chuck Schumer and Senator Young authorizing $110 billion for basic and advanced technology research over a five-year period. Investment in basic and advanced research, commercialization, and education and training programs in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a>, advanced communications, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> and advanced energy, amounts to $100 billion. Over $10 billion was authorized for appropriation to designate ten regional technology hubs and create a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_crisis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supply chain crisis">supply chain crisis</a>-response program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The CHIPS for America Act portion stemmed from Under Secretary of State <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_J._Krach" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Keith J. Krach">Krach</a> and his team brokering the $12 billion on-shoring of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="TSMC">TSMC</a> (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) to secure the supply chain of sophisticated semiconductors, on May 15, 2020.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> Krach's stated strategy was to use the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="TSMC">TSMC</a> announcement as a stimulus for fortifying a trusted supply chain by attracting TSMC's broad ecosystem of suppliers; persuading other chip companies to produce in U.S., especially Intel and Samsung; inspiring universities to develop engineering curricula focused on semiconductor manufacturing and designing a bipartisan bill (CHIPS for America) to provide the necessary funding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-:02-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> This led to Krach and his team's close collaboration in creating the CHIPS for America component with Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornyn" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> (R-TX) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Warner" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> (D-VA).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> In June 2020, Senator Warner joined U.S. Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornyn" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> in introducing the $52 billion CHIPS for America Act.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">Both bills were eventually merged into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Innovation_and_Competition_Act" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Innovation and Competition Act">U.S. Innovation and Competition Act</a> (USICA). On June 8, 2021, the USICA passed 68–32 in the Senate with bipartisan support. The House version of the Bill, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_COMPETES_Act#America_COMPETES_Act_of_2022" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="America COMPETES Act">America COMPETES Act of 2022</a> (H.R. 4521), passed on February 4, 2022. The Senate passed an amended bill by substituting the text of H.R. 4521 with the text of the USICA on March 28, 2022. A Senate and House conference was required to reconcile the differences, which resulted in the bipartisan <b>CHIPS and Science Act</b>, or "CHIPS Plus".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> The bill passed the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> by a vote of 64–33 on July 27, 2022.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sprunt_1_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Sprunt_1-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> On July 28, the $280 billion bill passed the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="U.S. House">U.S. House</a> by a vote of 243–187–1.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> On August 1, 2022, the magazine <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EE_Times" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="EE Times">EE Times</a></i> (Electronic Engineering) dubbed Under Secretary of State <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_J._Krach" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Keith J. Krach">Keith Krach</a> (as of February 2023, now the current Chairman of the Krach Institute for Tech Diplomacy at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>) the architect of the CHIPS and Science Act.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_21-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-:02-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> The bill was signed into law by President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> on August 9, 2022.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Background_and_provisions">Background and provisions</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Background and provisions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The bill constitutes an industrial policy initiative which takes place against the background of a perceived <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial Intelligence Cold War">AI Cold War</a> between the US and China, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> technology relies on semiconductors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> The bill was considered amidst a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%93present_global_chip_shortage" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2020–present global chip shortage">global semiconductor shortage</a> and intended to provide subsidies and tax credits to chip makers with operations in the United States. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> was granted the power to allocate funds based on companies' willingness to sustain research, build facilities, and train new workers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">For semiconductor and telecommunications purposes, the CHIPS Act designates roughly $106 billion. The CHIPS Act includes $39 billion in tax benefits and other incentives to encourage American companies to build new chip manufacturing plants in the U.S.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> Additionally, $11 billion would go toward advanced semiconductor research and development, separable into $8.5 billion of that total going to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Standards_and_Technology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Institute for Standards and Technology">National Institute for Standards and Technology</a>, $500 million of the $11 billion to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_USA" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manufacturing USA">Manufacturing USA</a>, and $2 billion of the former to a new public research hub called the National Semiconductor Technology Center. $24 billion would go to a new 25 percent advanced semiconductor manufacturing tax credit to encourage firms to stay in the United States, and $200 million would go to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> to resolve short-term labor supply issues.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McKinsey_2022_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-McKinsey_2022-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSIS_2022_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-CSIS_2022-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">According to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="McKinsey">McKinsey</a>, "The CHIPS Act allocates $2 billion to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> to fund microelectronics research, fabrication, and workforce training. An additional $500 million goes to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> to coordinate with foreign-government partners on semiconductor supply chain security. And $1.5 billion funds the USA Telecommunications Act of 2020, which aims to enhance competitiveness of software and hardware supply chains of open <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_access_network" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Radio access network">RAN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="5G">5G</a> networks."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McKinsey_2022_6-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-McKinsey_2022-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSIS_2022_31-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-CSIS_2022-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> Companies are subjected to a ten-year ban prohibiting them from producing chips more advanced than 28-nanometers in China and Russia if they are awarded subsidies under the act.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The act authorizes $174 billion for uses other than semiconductor and telecom technologies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McKinsey_2022_6-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-McKinsey_2022-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSIS_2_2022_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-CSIS_2_2022-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> It authorizes, but does not appropriate, extended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NASA">NASA</a> funding for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> to 2030, partially funds the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> returning humans to the Moon, and directs NASA to establish a Moon to Mars Program Office for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a> beyond the Artemis program. The bill also obligates NASA to perform research into further domesticating its supply chains and diversifying and developing its workforce, reducing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Environmental effects of aviation">environmental effects of aviation</a>, integrating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicle</a> detection with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a>, investigating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nuclear propulsion">nuclear propulsion</a> for spacecraft, continuing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xenology">xenology</a> efforts, and boosting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_survey" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astronomical survey">astronomical surveys</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-Earth_object" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a> including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a> project.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Politico_20220809_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Politico_20220809-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Errick_2022_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Errick_2022-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The bill could potentially invest $67 billion in accelerating advanced zero-emissions technologies (such as improved <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydrogen economy">hydrogen economy</a> technologies, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a>) to mass markets, advancing building efficiency, and improving <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Climate science">climate science</a> research, according to the climate action think tank <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Institute" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rocky Mountain Institute">Rocky Mountain Institute</a>. The bill would invest $81 billion in the NSF, including new money for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="STEM">STEM</a> education and defense against foreign <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_infringement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intellectual property infringement">intellectual property infringement</a>, and $20 billion in the new Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships, which would be tasked with deploying the above technologies, and authorizes but does not appropriate $12 billion for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPA-E" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ARPA-E">ARPA-E</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Atlantic_20220810_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Atlantic_20220810-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> It contains annual budget increases for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> for other purposes including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> research, and directs the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> to establish $10 billion worth of research hubs in post-industrial, mostly rural economies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McKinsey_2022_6-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-McKinsey_2022-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSIS_2_2022_7-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-CSIS_2_2022-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Support">Support</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">Many legislators and elected officials from across both the federal government and various state governments endorsed the passage. A large group of governors consisting of Pennsylvania's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wolf" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tom Wolf">Tom Wolf</a>, Alabama's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Ivey" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a>, California's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a>, Kentucky's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Beshear" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andy Beshear">Andy Beshear</a>, Michigan's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Whitmer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gretchen Whitmer">Gretchen Whitmer</a>, Wisconsin's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Evers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tony Evers">Tony Evers</a>, Illinois' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Pritzker" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="J. B. Pritzker">J. B. Pritzker</a>, Kansas' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Kelly" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Laura Kelly">Laura Kelly</a>, and North Carolina's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cooper" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roy Cooper">Roy Cooper</a> pushed for the passage of the bill back in November 2021.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">Separately, Ohio governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_DeWine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mike DeWine">Mike DeWine</a>, whose state became the home of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s newest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">semiconductor fabrication plant</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a> suburb of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Albany,_Ohio" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Albany, Ohio">New Albany</a>, as well as Texas governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Abbott" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a> and Texas senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornyn" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a>, whose state was the home of a major investment from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, each pushed for the bill to be passed and applauded its advancement through Congress.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> It has received widespread support from chip firms, though they were concerned about the provision banning them from further investments in China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intel">Intel</a> CEO <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Gelsinger" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pat Gelsinger">Pat Gelsinger</a> said during an earnings call on September 30, 2022, that CHIPS Act subsidies were leading the company to explore building empty fab buildings (known as a "shell-first strategy") and aggressively acquire smaller competitors before installing any equipment, to avoid contributing to a predicted semiconductor glut.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Intel_end_of_Q3_2022_investor_call_41-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Intel_end_of_Q3_2022_investor_call-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harris_Feb282023_42-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Harris_Feb282023-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Opposition">Opposition</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The bill was criticized by Republican House leader <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a> and senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> as a "blank check", which the latter equated to a bribe to semiconductor companies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sprunt_1_25-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Sprunt_1-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-verge-clears-congress_43-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-verge-clears-congress-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> China lobbied against the bill and criticized it as being "reminiscent of a 'Cold War mentality<span style="padding-right: 0.15em;">'</span>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Concerns_of_protectionism">Concerns of protectionism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Concerns of protectionism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">In a piece for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> on December 20, 2022, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Kreps" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sarah Kreps">Sarah Kreps</a> and Paul Timmers expressed concerns regarding the protectionist provisions of the CHIPS and Science Act and the risk of a subsidy race with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="EU">EU</a>, which proposed its own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Chips_Act" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Chips Act">European Chips Act</a> in 2022.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brookings_46-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Brookings-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Concerns_of_inaction_on_labor_and_stock_buybacks">Concerns of inaction on labor and stock buybacks</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Concerns of inaction on labor and stock buybacks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kuttner" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Kuttner">Robert Kuttner</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_nationalist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Economic nationalist">economic nationalist</a> commentator and editor of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Prospect" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i>, expressed concerns that the bill did not provide enough resources to allow local residents near fabs to organize or form a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trade union">trade union</a> (thereby making unions rely too heavily on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_benefits_agreement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Community benefits agreement">community benefits agreements</a> compared to federal policy), that the Commerce Department would be too friendly to states with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-work_law" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Right-to-work law">right-to-work laws</a> (where the first new fabs would be built), that the bill did not restrictively define a "domestic company" regarding financing, and that fab owners would simply use CHIPS Act money to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_repurchase" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Share repurchase">buy back stocks</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kuttner_2023_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Kuttner_2023-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> In response to these concerns, on February 28, 2023, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Raimondo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gina Raimondo">Gina Raimondo</a> published the first application for CHIPS Act grants, which encourages fab operators to use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Labor_Agreement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Project Labor Agreement">Project Labor Agreements</a> for facilitating union negotiations during construction, outline their plans to curtail stock buybacks, share excess profits with the federal government, and open or point out nearby <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_care" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Child care">child care</a> facilities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2023_48-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harris_Feb282023_42-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Harris_Feb282023-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harris_Jun222023_49-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Harris_Jun222023-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> The application led to over 200 statements of interest from private companies within the first month and a half, looking to invest across the entire semiconductor supply chain in 35 states;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Commerce_2023_50-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Commerce_2023-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dayen_2023_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Dayen_2023-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> by June 2023, the number had reached over 300.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lee_Nellis_2023_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Lee_Nellis_2023-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> The <i>Prospect</i> later covered the lack of progress in PLA talks between key investor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="TSMC">TSMC</a> and local unions in Phoenix, and included both author Lee Harris's claim that the Raimondo guidance was insufficient in helping the talks, and liberal commentator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Klein" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ezra Klein">Ezra Klein</a>'s criticism of the Raimondo guidance as excessive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harris_Apr72023_53-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Harris_Apr72023-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> Harris later reported that as a consequence TSMC and its non-union subcontractors had routinely engaged in alleged wage theft, underreported safety violations, and cut out various installation procedures that would have prevented costly repairs, delaying its projects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harris_Jun222023_49-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Harris_Jun222023-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Project_announcements">Project announcements</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Project announcements">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">Many companies and ecosystem suppliers have announced investment plans since May 2020, when TSMC announced that it would build a fab in Arizona.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_21-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-:02-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Conness_2023_55-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Conness_2023-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ravi_Casanova_2022_56-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Ravi_Casanova_2022-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">These include (before the act passed on August 9, 2022):</p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In July 2021, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalFoundries" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a> announced plans to build a new $1 billion <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">fab</a> in Upstate New York.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In November 2021, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> announced plans to build a $17 billion semiconductor factory to begin operations in the second half of 2024. It is the largest foreign direct investment ever in the state of Texas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In January 2022, Intel announced an initial $20 billion investment that will generate 3,000 jobs, the largest investment in Ohio's history, with plans to grow to $100 billion investment in eight fabrication plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In May 2022, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> launched the nation's first comprehensive semiconductor degrees program in anticipation of the CHIPS Act spurring the creation of jobs for 50,000 trained semiconductor engineers in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In May 2022, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> broke ground on new 300-mm semiconductor wafer fabrication plants in Sherman, Texas, and projected its investments will reach $30 billion and create as many as 3,000 jobs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In July 2022, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyWater_Technology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SkyWater Technology">SkyWater</a> announced plans to build an advanced $1.8 billion semiconductor manufacturing facility with the government of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and Purdue University to pursue CHIPS funding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">After the act passed:</p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In September 2022, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfspeed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wolfspeed">Wolfspeed</a> announced it will build the world's largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a> semiconductor plant in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_County,_North_Carolina" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chatham County, North Carolina">Chatham County, North Carolina</a>. By 2030, the company expects to occupy more than one million square feet of manufacturing space across 445 acres, at a cost of $1.3 billion. The first phase of development is supported by about $1 billion in incentives from state, county, and local governments, and the company intends to apply for CHIPS act money.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In October 2022, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_Technology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Micron Technology">Micron Technology</a> announced it will invest $20 billion in a new chip factory in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay,_New_York" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clay, New York">Clay, New York</a>, to take advantages of the subsidies in the act and signaled it could expand its investments to $100 billion over 20 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Politico_20220809_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Politico_20220809-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WaPo_2022-10-04_66-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-WaPo_2022-10-04-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup> The state of New York granted the company $5.5 billion in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credits" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tax credits">tax credits</a> as an incentive to move there, if it meets employment promises.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WaPo_2022-10-04_66-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-WaPo_2022-10-04-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In December 2022, TSMC announced the opening of the company's second chip plant in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, raising its investments in the state from $12 billion to $40 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> At that time, company officials said that construction costs in the U.S. were four to five times those in Taiwan (due to alleged higher costs of labor, red tape, and training) and that they were having difficulty finding qualified personnel (so some US hires were sent for training in Taiwan for 12–18 months), so it will cost at least 50% more to make a TSMC chip in the United States than in Taiwan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WSJ_2022-12-05_69-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-WSJ_2022-12-05-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Noah_SS_70-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Noah_SS-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harris_Jun222023_49-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Harris_Jun222023-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In February 2023, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> announced an $11 billion investment in a new 300-mm wafer fab in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi,_Utah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lehi, Utah">Lehi, Utah</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clarke_2023_71-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Clarke_2023-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In February 2023, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integra_Technologies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Integra Technologies">Integra Technologies</a> announced a $1.8 billion proposal for expanding their Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) operation in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wichita_2023_72-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Wichita_2023-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In February 2023, EMP Shield announced a $1.9 billion proposal for a new campus in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Kansas" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Burlington, Kansas">Burlington, Kansas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Burlington_2023_73-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Burlington_2023-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In April 2023, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_(company)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bosch (company)">Bosch</a> announced it was acquiring TSI Semiconductors and investing $1.5 billion in upgrades geared toward making <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a> chips at the TSI plant in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseville,_California" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roseville, California">Roseville, California</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bellan_2023_74-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Bellan_2023-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In June 2023, the French company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mersen">Mersen</a>, a subsidiary of Le Carbone Lorraine, announced it will spend $81 million on an expansion project in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bay City, Michigan">Bay City</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_Michigan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greenville, Michigan">Greenville, Michigan</a> due to Michigan's state implementation of the CHIPS Act.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kaminski_2023_Whitmer_article_75-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Kaminski_2023_Whitmer_article-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">On October 23, 2023, the Biden administration announced that it directed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Development_Administration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Economic Development Administration">Economic Development Administration</a> to focus on 31 areas (across 32 states and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) that it designated "Tech Hubs", for the purposes of spreading development evenly around the country, and incubating advanced technology and research. The Tech Hubs' organizers will compete for a total of $500 million in implementation grants, the first such appropriation out of a budgeted $10 billion over the next five years. The Biden administration also gave out "Strategy Development Grants" to 29 consortia of businesses, labor unions and governments in areas that lost out, encouraging further organizational improvements before vying again to become a Tech Hub.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Commerce_October_2023_76-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Commerce_October_2023-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-U.S._Economic_Development_Administration_2023_77-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-U.S._Economic_Development_Administration_2023-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shepardson_2023_78-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Shepardson_2023-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Macroeconomic_impact">Macroeconomic impact</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Macroeconomic impact">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">Estimates of the results of the CHIPS Act vary. The trade group <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_Industry_Association" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semiconductor Industry Association">Semiconductor Industry Association</a>, which analyzed announced investments from May 2020 to December 2022, claimed the CHIPS Act had led to more than 50 projects worth more than $200 billion that would create 44,000 jobs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ravi_Casanova_2022_56-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Ravi_Casanova_2022-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> By the count of independent policy researcher Jack Conness, the CHIPS Act led to 28 projects worth $157 billion and a predicted 25,400 jobs as of December 20, 2023; when considered together with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> investments, the total comes out to 171 projects worth $255 billion creating 105,600 jobs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Conness_2023_55-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Conness_2023-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (December 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">Arizona is in line for the two largest individual investments (TSMC's $40 billion investment, predicted to create 4,500 jobs; and a $30 billion investment from Intel creating 3,000 projected jobs), the most total jobs created (9,765) and the most dollars overall ($72.2 billion). New York received the second-most overall dollars ($40.3 billion) and jobs created (3,600) and the third largest investments ($20 billion each from Micron and IBM). Counties that voted for Biden in 2020 received more dollars from the Act ($124,096,000,000) than counties that voted for Donald Trump ($33,799,000,000).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Conness_2023_55-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Conness_2023-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (December 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jenkins_2023_80-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Jenkins_2023-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dayen_2023_51-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Dayen_2023-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Podesta_BPC_address_2023_81-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Podesta_BPC_address_2023-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">In December 2023, the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> found the IRA and CaSA together catalyzed over $224 billion in investments and over 100,000 new jobs by the preceding July.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FT_2023_82-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-FT_2023-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">According to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democrat" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Democrat">New Democrat</a>-linked think tank <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>, the CHIPS and Science Act, the Inflation Reduction Act, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> have together led to more than 35,000 public and private investments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAP_2023_83-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-CAP_2023-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> The Biden administration itself claimed that as of December 22, 2023, the IIJA, CaSA, and IRA together catalyzed over $640 billion in private investment (including $234 billion in electronics and semiconductors, $157 billion in electric vehicles and batteries, $133 billion in clean power and $75 billion in the clean energy industry) and over $425.3 billion in public infrastructure spending (including $37.3 billion in energy aside from tax credits in the IRA).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Invest.gov_2023_84-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Invest.gov_2023-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; text-wrap: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (December 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="California">California</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: California">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><h4 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Manufacturing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California">California</a>, where the semiconductor industry was founded in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>, experts say that it is very unlikely that any new manufacturing facilities will be built, due to tight regulations, high costs of land and electricity, and unreliable water supplies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SJMN_2022-09-04_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-SJMN_2022-09-04-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> These factors have contributed to the state's 33% decline in manufacturing jobs since 1990.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SJMN_2022-09-04_5-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-SJMN_2022-09-04-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><h4 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Research">Research</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHIPS_and_Science_Act&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">In May 2023, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Materials" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Applied Materials">Applied Materials</a> announced it would build a new collaborative advanced research and development center (distinct from traditional fabs) named the "EPIC Center", short for "Equipment and Process Innovation and Commercialization Center", by 2026, next to its existing facility in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a>. The first known CHIPS Act-linked investment in Silicon Valley, the EPIC Center is worth $4 billion and is projected to create 2,000 jobs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Applied_Materials_2023_85-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Applied_Materials_2023-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Leggate_2023_86-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Leggate_2023-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lee_Nellis_2023_52-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-Lee_Nellis_2023-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_COMPETES_Act_of_2022" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="America COMPETES Act of 2022">America COMPETES Act of 2022</a> – original House version</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Chips_Act" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Chips Act">European Chips Act</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act_of_2022" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inflation Reduction Act of 2022">Inflation Reduction Act of 2022</a> – other major acts in industrial policy signed by Biden</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_policy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Technology policy">Technology policy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-nationalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Techno-nationalism">Techno-nationalism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Innovation_and_Competition_Act" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Innovation and Competition Act">United States Innovation and Competition Act</a> – original Senate version</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial Intelligence Cold War">Artificial Intelligence Cold War</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Artificial_Intelligence_Initiative_Act_of_2020" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020">National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020</a></li></ul><div><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div><ol class="references" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-Politico_20220809-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFJohnson2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Johnson, Lamar (August 9, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Biden ends slog on semiconductor bill with signature"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLITICO" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="POLITICO">POLITICO</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220821173945/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/09/biden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 9,</span> 2022</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Biden said Micron, an American-based company, announced a 10-year, $40 billion investment on Tuesday for factories and building memory chips as a result of the law. He also touted a Monday announcement by American companies Qualcomm and GlobalFoundries to invest $4 billion to produce semiconductors in the United States.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Biden+ends+slog+on+semiconductor+bill+with+signature&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Lamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F08%2F09%2Fbiden-ends-slog-on-semiconductor-bill-with-signature-00050530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFCongressional_Research_Service2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Congressional Research Service (April 25, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47523" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Frequently Asked Questions: CHIPS Act of 2022 Provisions and Implementation"</a>. <i>United States Congressional Research Service</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+CHIPS+Act+of+2022+Provisions+and+Implementation&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft.au=Congressional+Research+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FR%2FR47523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFZimmerman2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Zimmerman, Alessandra (August 26, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/CHIPS%20AAE.pdf?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D69209921711590814772918205876201604040%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1701808990" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"R&D Funding Breakdown: CHIPS and Science Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Association for the Advancement of Science</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.atitle=R%26D+Funding+Breakdown%3A+CHIPS+and+Science+Act&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-01%2FCHIPS%2520AAE.pdf%3Fadobe_mc%3DMCMID%253D69209921711590814772918205876201604040%257CMCORGID%253D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%252540AdobeOrg%257CTS%253D1701808990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Economist_2023-03-06-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Economist_2023-03-06_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/special-report/2023/03/06/taiwans-dominance-of-the-chip-industry-makes-it-more-important" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Taiwan's dominance of the chip industry makes it more important – No industry matters more to Taiwan than chipmaking"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. March 6, 2023. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311010040/https://www.economist.com/special-report/2023/03/06/taiwans-dominance-of-the-chip-industry-makes-it-more-important" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">March 11,</span> 2023</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">America is also trying to stop China getting advanced chips. It passed the CHIPS and Science Act in August 2022, offering $39bn in subsidies and a 25% tax credit to promote manufacturing at home, as well as $13bn of investment in chip research. In October 2022 it banned the export of advanced chips and chipmaking gear to China.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+dominance+of+the+chip+industry+makes+it+more+important+%E2%80%93+No+industry+matters+more+to+Taiwan+than+chipmaking&rft.date=2023-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fspecial-report%2F2023%2F03%2F06%2Ftaiwans-dominance-of-the-chip-industry-makes-it-more-important&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-SJMN_2022-09-04-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-SJMN_2022-09-04_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-SJMN_2022-09-04_5-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-SJMN_2022-09-04_5-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFKrieger2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Krieger, Lisa (September 4, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/09/04/the-u-s-is-bringing-chip-making-home-is-california-ready/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The U.S. is bringing chip-making home. Is California ready? - What the $52.7 billion CHIPS Act might mean for the birthplace of technology"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Jose Mercury News">San Jose Mercury News</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314005744/https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/09/04/the-u-s-is-bringing-chip-making-home-is-california-ready/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">March 14,</span> 2023</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">But experts say that new plants are unlikely to be erected here. Manufacturing is stifled by several factors: high real-estate costs, unreliable water, expensive electric bills and stiff regulations. In general, manufacturing has plummeted in California. Since 1990, the state has lost a third of its factory jobs.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+is+bringing+chip-making+home.+Is+California+ready%3F+-+What+the+%2452.7+billion+CHIPS+Act+might+mean+for+the+birthplace+of+technology&rft.date=2022-09-04&rft.aulast=Krieger&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2022%2F09%2F04%2Fthe-u-s-is-bringing-chip-making-home-is-california-ready%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-McKinsey_2022-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-McKinsey_2022_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-McKinsey_2022_6-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-McKinsey_2022_6-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-McKinsey_2022_6-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-McKinsey_2022_6-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBadlamClarkGajendragakarKumar2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Badlam, Justin; Clark, Stephen; Gajendragakar, Suhrid; Kumar, Adi; O'Rourke, Sara; Swartz, Dale (October 4, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The CHIPS and Science Act: Here's what's in it"</a>. <i>McKinsey & Company</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005070010/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McKinsey+%26+Company&rft.atitle=The+CHIPS+and+Science+Act%3A+Here%27s+what%27s+in+it&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.aulast=Badlam&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft.au=Clark%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Gajendragakar%2C+Suhrid&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Adi&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Sara&rft.au=Swartz%2C+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Findustries%2Fpublic-and-social-sector%2Four-insights%2Fthe-chips-and-science-act-heres-whats-in-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-CSIS_2_2022-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-CSIS_2_2022_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-CSIS_2_2022_7-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-CSIS_2_2022_7-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFArcuriShivakumar2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Arcuri, Gregory; Shivakumar, Sujai (August 11, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-science-related-portions-chips" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Look at the Science-Related Portions of CHIPS+"</a>. <i>Center for Strategic and International Studies</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005151534/https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-science-related-portions-chips" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+the+Science-Related+Portions+of+CHIPS%2B&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft.aulast=Arcuri&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Shivakumar%2C+Sujai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Flook-science-related-portions-chips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Atlantic_20220810-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Atlantic_20220810_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Atlantic_20220810_8-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMeyer2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Meyer, Robinson (August 10, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/08/chips-act-climate-bill-biden/671095/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Congress Just Passed a Big Climate Bill. No, Not That One"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005151524/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/08/chips-act-climate-bill-biden/671095/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Congress+Just+Passed+a+Big+Climate+Bill.+No%2C+Not+That+One.&rft.date=2022-08-10&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2022%2F08%2Fchips-act-climate-bill-biden%2F671095%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.congress.gov/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Text – H.R.4346 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022"</a>. <i>U.S. Congress</i>. August 9, 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517224927/http://www.congress.gov/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">September 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Congress&rft.atitle=Text+%E2%80%93+H.R.4346+%E2%80%93+117th+Congress+%282021%E2%80%932022%29%3A+Supreme+Court+Security+Funding+Act+of+2022&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/3832" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Congressional Bill"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221127192918/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/3832" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F116th-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F3832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/7178" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Congressional Bill"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162755/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/7178" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F116th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F7178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.028154" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bipartisan support for US science more likely in Senate than House"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. 2014. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2Fpt.5.028154" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1063/pt.5.028154</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-0699" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1945-0699</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503215855/https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/Online/6419/Bipartisan-support-for-US-science-more-likely-in" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Bipartisan+support+for+US+science+more+likely+in+Senate+than+House&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2Fpt.5.028154&rft.issn=1945-0699&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1063%2Fpt.5.028154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220321005892/en/Purdue-Center-for-Tech-Diplomacy-Chairman-Keith-Krach-and-Director-Bonnie-Glick-Counsel-Commerce-Secretary-Gina-Raimondo-on-Securing-Semiconductor-Supply-Chain" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Purdue Center for Tech Diplomacy Chairman Keith Krach and Director Bonnie Glick Counsel Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo on Securing Semiconductor Supply Chain"</a>. <i>www.businesswire.com</i>. March 21, 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162755/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220321005892/en/Purdue-Center-for-Tech-Diplomacy-Chairman-Keith-Krach-and-Director-Bonnie-Glick-Counsel-Commerce-Secretary-Gina-Raimondo-on-Securing-Semiconductor-Supply-Chain" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.businesswire.com&rft.atitle=Purdue+Center+for+Tech+Diplomacy+Chairman+Keith+Krach+and+Director+Bonnie+Glick+Counsel+Commerce+Secretary+Gina+Raimondo+on+Securing+Semiconductor+Supply+Chain&rft.date=2022-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20220321005892%2Fen%2FPurdue-Center-for-Tech-Diplomacy-Chairman-Keith-Krach-and-Director-Bonnie-Glick-Counsel-Commerce-Secretary-Gina-Raimondo-on-Securing-Semiconductor-Supply-Chain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Krach-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Krach_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Krach_14-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKrach2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Krach, Keith (June 17, 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/559065-the-senate-just-passed-the-next-apollo-program/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Senate just passed the next Apollo program"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162755/https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/559065-the-senate-just-passed-the-next-apollo-program/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=The+Senate+just+passed+the+next+Apollo+program&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Krach&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fcongress-blog%2Ftechnology%2F559065-the-senate-just-passed-the-next-apollo-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.kearney.com/technology/article/-/insights/the-us-china-high-tech-competition-is-modernizing-american-industries-an-interview-with-keith-krach" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Read @Kearney: The US–China high-tech competition is modernizing American industries: an interview with Keith Krach"</a>. <i>Kearney</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162801/https://www.kearney.com/technology/article/-/insights/the-us-china-high-tech-competition-is-modernizing-american-industries-an-interview-with-keith-krach" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kearney&rft.atitle=Read+%40Kearney%3A+The+US%E2%80%93China+high-tech+competition+is+modernizing+American+industries%3A+an+interview+with+Keith+Krach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kearney.com%2Ftechnology%2Farticle%2F-%2Finsights%2Fthe-us-china-high-tech-competition-is-modernizing-american-industries-an-interview-with-keith-krach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.young.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/young-schumer-unveil-endless-frontier-act-to-bolster-us-tech-leadership-and-combat-china" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Young, Schumer Unveil Endless Frontier Act to Bolster U.S. Tech Leadership and Combat China | U.S. Senator Todd Young of Indiana"</a>. <i>www.young.senate.gov</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162756/https://www.young.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/young-schumer-unveil-endless-frontier-act-to-bolster-us-tech-leadership-and-combat-china" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.young.senate.gov&rft.atitle=Young%2C+Schumer+Unveil+Endless+Frontier+Act+to+Bolster+U.S.+Tech+Leadership+and+Combat+China+%7C+U.S.+Senator+Todd+Young+of+Indiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.young.senate.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2Fyoung-schumer-unveil-endless-frontier-act-to-bolster-us-tech-leadership-and-combat-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.natlawreview.com/article/endless-frontier-act-shifting-focus-defense-to-offense" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Endless Frontier Act: Shifting the Focus from Defense to Offense"</a>. <i>The National Law Review</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513090302/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/endless-frontier-act-shifting-focus-defense-to-offense" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Endless+Frontier+Act%3A+Shifting+the+Focus+from+Defense+to+Offense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natlawreview.com%2Farticle%2Fendless-frontier-act-shifting-focus-defense-to-offense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFIp2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ip, Greg (July 29, 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/subsidies-chips-china-state-aid-biden-11627565906" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;"></span>'Industrial Policy' Is Back: The West Dusts Off Old Idea to Counter China"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162755/https://www.wsj.com/articles/subsidies-chips-china-state-aid-biden-11627565906" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=%27Industrial+Policy%27+Is+Back%3A+The+West+Dusts+Off+Old+Idea+to+Counter+China&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft.aulast=Ip&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsubsidies-chips-china-state-aid-biden-11627565906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://2017-2021.state.gov/briefing-with-under-secretary-for-growth-energy-and-the-environment-keith-krach-science-and-technology-adviser-to-the-secretary-mung-chiang-and-assistant-secretary-for-international-security-and-n/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Briefing with Under Secretary for Growth, Energy, and the Environment Keith Krach, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary Mung Chiang, and Assistant Secretary for International Security and Nonproliferation Christopher A. Ford On Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation's Intent to Invest $12 Billion In the U.S. and on the CCP's Ability to Undermine U.S. Export Controls"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Briefing+with+Under+Secretary+for+Growth%2C+Energy%2C+and+the+Environment+Keith+Krach%2C+Science+and+Technology+Adviser+to+the+Secretary+Mung+Chiang%2C+and+Assistant+Secretary+for+International+Security+and+Nonproliferation+Christopher+A.+Ford+On+Taiwan+Semiconductor+Manufacturing+Corporation%27s+Intent+to+Invest+%2412+Billion+In+the+U.S.+and+on+the+CCP%27s+Ability+to+Undermine+U.S.+Export+Controls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2017-2021.state.gov%2Fbriefing-with-under-secretary-for-growth-energy-and-the-environment-keith-krach-science-and-technology-adviser-to-the-secretary-mung-chiang-and-assistant-secretary-for-international-security-and-n%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/US-China-tensions/US-woos-Taiwan-and-its-chipmakers-in-step-toward-trade-pact" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"US woos Taiwan and its chipmakers in step toward trade pact"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asia</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162759/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/US-China-tensions/US-woos-Taiwan-and-its-chipmakers-in-step-toward-trade-pact" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=US+woos+Taiwan+and+its+chipmakers+in+step+toward+trade+pact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics%2FInternational-relations%2FUS-China-tensions%2FUS-woos-Taiwan-and-its-chipmakers-in-step-toward-trade-pact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:02-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-:02_21-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-:02_21-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-:02_21-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFPatterson2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Patterson, Alan (August 1, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.eetimes.com/architect-of-chips-act-speaks-on-its-impact/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Architect of CHIPS Act Speaks on Its Impact"</a>. <i>EE Times</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162801/https://www.eetimes.com/architect-of-chips-act-speaks-on-its-impact/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EE+Times&rft.atitle=Architect+of+CHIPS+Act+Speaks+on+Its+Impact&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Farchitect-of-chips-act-speaks-on-its-impact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/now/purdue-center-tech-diplomacy-chairman-224100125.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Purdue Center for Tech Diplomacy Chairman Keith Krach and Director Bonnie Glick Counsel Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo on Securing Semiconductor Supply Chain"</a>. <i>www.yahoo.com</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162756/https://www.yahoo.com/now/purdue-center-tech-diplomacy-chairman-224100125.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Purdue+Center+for+Tech+Diplomacy+Chairman+Keith+Krach+and+Director+Bonnie+Glick+Counsel+Commerce+Secretary+Gina+Raimondo+on+Securing+Semiconductor+Supply+Chain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnow%2Fpurdue-center-tech-diplomacy-chairman-224100125.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFHamblen2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hamblen, Matt (August 9, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.fierceelectronics.com/sensors/president-biden-signs-chips-and-science-act-comments-and-reactions" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"President Biden signs CHIPS and Science Act: comments and reactions"</a>. <i>Fierce Electronics</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162759/https://www.fierceelectronics.com/sensors/president-biden-signs-chips-and-science-act-comments-and-reactions" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fierce+Electronics&rft.atitle=President+Biden+signs+CHIPS+and+Science+Act%3A+comments+and+reactions&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft.aulast=Hamblen&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fierceelectronics.com%2Fsensors%2Fpresident-biden-signs-chips-and-science-act-comments-and-reactions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/bipartisan-chips-act-united-us-are-chinas-biggest-fear-opinion-1728573" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Bipartisan CHIPS Act—and a United U.S.— Are China's Biggest Fear"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. July 27, 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162756/https://www.newsweek.com/bipartisan-chips-act-united-us-are-chinas-biggest-fear-opinion-1728573" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+Bipartisan+CHIPS+Act%E2%80%94and+a+United+U.S.%E2%80%94+Are+China%27s+Biggest+Fear&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fbipartisan-chips-act-united-us-are-chinas-biggest-fear-opinion-1728573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Sprunt_1-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Sprunt_1_25-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Sprunt_1_25-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Sprunt_1_25-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFSprunt2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sprunt, Barbara (July 27, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/07/26/1113470753/chip-production-semiconductor-senate" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Legislation to subsidize U.S.-made semiconductor chips heads to Biden's desk"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024101503/https://www.npr.org/2022/07/26/1113470753/chip-production-semiconductor-senate" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">May 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Legislation+to+subsidize+U.S.-made+semiconductor+chips+heads+to+Biden%27s+desk&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft.aulast=Sprunt&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F07%2F26%2F1113470753%2Fchip-production-semiconductor-senate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKelly2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kelly, Makena (July 28, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/28/23282494/semiconductors-chips-and-science-act-joe-biden-congress-nvidia" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"CHIPS Act clears Congress, ensuring $52 billion boost to US foundries"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901231113/https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/28/23282494/semiconductors-chips-and-science-act-joe-biden-congress-nvidia" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=CHIPS+Act+clears+Congress%2C+ensuring+%2452+billion+boost+to+US+foundries&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Makena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2022%2F7%2F28%2F23282494%2Fsemiconductors-chips-and-science-act-joe-biden-congress-nvidia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/08/09/remarks-by-president-biden-at-signing-of-h-r-4346-the-chips-and-science-act-of-2022/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Remarks by President Biden at Signing of H.R. 4346, "The CHIPS and Science Act of 2022"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>The White House</i>. August 9, 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162759/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/08/09/remarks-by-president-biden-at-signing-of-h-r-4346-the-chips-and-science-act-of-2022/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">May 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+President+Biden+at+Signing+of+H.R.+4346%2C+%22The+CHIPS+and+Science+Act+of+2022%22&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fspeeches-remarks%2F2022%2F08%2F09%2Fremarks-by-president-biden-at-signing-of-h-r-4346-the-chips-and-science-act-of-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFHerman2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Herman, Arthur (October 17, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/arthurherman/2022/10/17/the-chip-war-with-china-is-just-getting-started/?sh=4224c4346a08" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Chip War With China Is Just Getting Started"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108111903/https://www.forbes.com/sites/arthurherman/2022/10/17/the-chip-war-with-china-is-just-getting-started/?sh=4224c4346a08" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Chip+War+With+China+Is+Just+Getting+Started&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Farthurherman%2F2022%2F10%2F17%2Fthe-chip-war-with-china-is-just-getting-started%2F%3Fsh%3D4224c4346a08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFSwanson2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Swanson, Ana (August 3, 2022). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/business/economy/chip-industry-congress.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Congress Is Giving Billions to the Chip Industry. Strings Are Attached"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021051739/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/business/economy/chip-industry-congress.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Congress+Is+Giving+Billions+to+the+Chip+Industry.+Strings+Are+Attached.&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F03%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fchip-industry-congress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://usafacts.org/articles/whats-in-the-recently-passed-chips-act/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What's in the recently passed CHIPS Act?"</a>. <i>USAFacts</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015070104/https://usafacts.org/articles/whats-in-the-recently-passed-chips-act/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USAFacts&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+the+recently+passed+CHIPS+Act%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusafacts.org%2Farticles%2Fwhats-in-the-recently-passed-chips-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-CSIS_2022-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-CSIS_2022_31-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-CSIS_2022_31-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKerstenAthanasiaArcuri2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kersten, Alexander; Athanasia, Gabrielle; Arcuri, Gregory (August 9, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-chips-related-portions-chips" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Look at the CHIPS-Related Portions of CHIPS+"</a>. <i>Center for Strategic and International Studies</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005151524/https://www.csis.org/analysis/look-chips-related-portions-chips" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+the+CHIPS-Related+Portions+of+CHIPS%2B&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft.aulast=Kersten&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Athanasia%2C+Gabrielle&rft.au=Arcuri%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Flook-chips-related-portions-chips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFDebby_WuDaniel_FlatleyJenny_Leonard2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Debby Wu; Daniel Flatley; Jenny Leonard (August 2, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-02/us-to-stop-tsmc-intel-from-adding-advanced-chip-fabs-in-china" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"US to Stop TSMC, Intel From Adding Advanced Chip Fabs in China"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503215915/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-02/us-to-stop-tsmc-intel-from-adding-advanced-chip-fabs-in-china" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=US+to+Stop+TSMC%2C+Intel+From+Adding+Advanced+Chip+Fabs+in+China&rft.date=2022-08-02&rft.au=Debby+Wu&rft.au=Daniel+Flatley&rft.au=Jenny+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-08-02%2Fus-to-stop-tsmc-intel-from-adding-advanced-chip-fabs-in-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Errick_2022-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Errick_2022_33-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFErrick2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Errick, Kirsten (August 4, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nextgov.com/emerging-tech/2022/08/nasa-authorization-act-aims-strengthen-us-space-exploration/375394/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NASA Authorization Act Aims to Strengthen U.S. Space Exploration"</a>. <i>Nextgov.com</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824021158/https://www.nextgov.com/emerging-tech/2022/08/nasa-authorization-act-aims-strengthen-us-space-exploration/375394/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nextgov.com&rft.atitle=NASA+Authorization+Act+Aims+to+Strengthen+U.S.+Space+Exploration&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft.aulast=Errick&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nextgov.com%2Femerging-tech%2F2022%2F08%2Fnasa-authorization-act-aims-strengthen-us-space-exploration%2F375394%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629103852/https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/governor-wolf-bipartisan-governors-urge-congress-to-pass-chips-act-to-create-american-jobs-boost-semiconductor-production/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Governor Wolf, Bipartisan Governors Urge Congress to Pass CHIPS Act to Create American Jobs, Boost Semiconductor Production"</a>. <i>Governor Tom Wolf</i>. November 10, 2021. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/governor-wolf-bipartisan-governors-urge-congress-to-pass-chips-act-to-create-american-jobs-boost-semiconductor-production/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on June 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Governor+Tom+Wolf&rft.atitle=Governor+Wolf%2C+Bipartisan+Governors+Urge+Congress+to+Pass+CHIPS+Act+to+Create+American+Jobs%2C+Boost+Semiconductor+Production&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governor.pa.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fgovernor-wolf-bipartisan-governors-urge-congress-to-pass-chips-act-to-create-american-jobs-boost-semiconductor-production%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://insidetrade.com/daily-news/governors-urge-passage-chips-act-funding-spur-semiconductor-%E2%80%98re-shoring%E2%80%99" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Governors urge passage of CHIPS Act funding to spur semiconductor 're-shoring' | InsideTrade.com"</a>. <i>insidetrade.com</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811003715/https://insidetrade.com/daily-news/governors-urge-passage-chips-act-funding-spur-semiconductor-%E2%80%98re-shoring%E2%80%99" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=insidetrade.com&rft.atitle=Governors+urge+passage+of+CHIPS+Act+funding+to+spur+semiconductor+%27re-shoring%27+%7C+InsideTrade.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsidetrade.com%2Fdaily-news%2Fgovernors-urge-passage-chips-act-funding-spur-semiconductor-%25E2%2580%2598re-shoring%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/state/congresss-passage-of-chips-act-paves-way-for-intels-microchip-plant-in-ohio" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Congress passes CHIPS Act, paving way for microchip plant in Ohio"</a>. <i>WEWS</i>. July 28, 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807235714/https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/state/congresss-passage-of-chips-act-paves-way-for-intels-microchip-plant-in-ohio" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WEWS&rft.atitle=Congress+passes+CHIPS+Act%2C+paving+way+for+microchip+plant+in+Ohio&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news5cleveland.com%2Fnews%2Fstate%2Fcongresss-passage-of-chips-act-paves-way-for-intels-microchip-plant-in-ohio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBeMiller" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">BeMiller, Haley. <a class="external text" href="https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2022/07/28/chips-act-four-ohio-republicans-boost-bill-pushed-intel/10176845002/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intel CEO: Company moving 'full speed ahead' on Ohio plans after CHIPS Act passes Congress"</a>. <i>The Columbus Dispatch</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809162258/https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2022/07/28/chips-act-four-ohio-republicans-boost-bill-pushed-intel/10176845002/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Columbus+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Intel+CEO%3A+Company+moving+%27full+speed+ahead%27+on+Ohio+plans+after+CHIPS+Act+passes+Congress&rft.aulast=BeMiller&rft.aufirst=Haley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dispatch.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2022%2F07%2F28%2Fchips-act-four-ohio-republicans-boost-bill-pushed-intel%2F10176845002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMoneyhon2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Moneyhon, Carl H. (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400249" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Coke, Richard (1829–1897), governor of Texas and U.S. senator</i></a>. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0400249" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400249</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503215915/https://www.anb.org/display/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0400249;jsessionid=28781C970EBA7533188AB63465FC41D1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coke%2C+Richard+%281829%E2%80%931897%29%2C+governor+of+Texas+and+U.S.+senator&rft.series=American+National+Biography+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0400249&rft.aulast=Moneyhon&rft.aufirst=Carl+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0400249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFNellis2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nellis, Stephen (July 20, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-chip-industry-split-over-chips-act-benefits-intel-sources-2022-07-18/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Chip designers warm to U.S. bill despite big benefits to Intel"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012210829/https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-chip-industry-split-over-chips-act-benefits-intel-sources-2022-07-18/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Chip+designers+warm+to+U.S.+bill+despite+big+benefits+to+Intel&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft.aulast=Nellis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fus-chip-industry-split-over-chips-act-benefits-intel-sources-2022-07-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFCheng_Ting-FangLauly_LiYifan_Yu2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cheng Ting-Fang; Lauly Li; Yifan Yu (August 2, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Tech/Semiconductors/CHIPS-Act-leaves-chipmakers-facing-choice-between-U.S.-and-China" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"CHIPS Act leaves chipmakers facing choice between U.S. and China"</a>. <i>NIKKEI Asia</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019180945/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Tech/Semiconductors/CHIPS-Act-leaves-chipmakers-facing-choice-between-U.S.-and-China" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIKKEI+Asia&rft.atitle=CHIPS+Act+leaves+chipmakers+facing+choice+between+U.S.+and+China&rft.date=2022-08-02&rft.au=Cheng+Ting-Fang&rft.au=Lauly+Li&rft.au=Yifan+Yu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FBusiness%2FTech%2FSemiconductors%2FCHIPS-Act-leaves-chipmakers-facing-choice-between-U.S.-and-China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Intel_end_of_Q3_2022_investor_call-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Intel_end_of_Q3_2022_investor_call_41-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMotley_Fool_Transcribing2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Motley Fool Transcribing (October 28, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2022/10/27/intel-intc-q3-2022-earnings-call-transcript/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intel (INTC) Q3 2022 Earnings Call Transcript"</a>. <i>The Motley Fool</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301044729/https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2022/10/27/intel-intc-q3-2022-earnings-call-transcript/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">March 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Motley+Fool&rft.atitle=Intel+%28INTC%29+Q3+2022+Earnings+Call+Transcript&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft.au=Motley+Fool+Transcribing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Fearnings%2Fcall-transcripts%2F2022%2F10%2F27%2Fintel-intc-q3-2022-earnings-call-transcript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Harris_Feb282023-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Harris_Feb282023_42-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Harris_Feb282023_42-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHarris2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harris, Lee (February 28, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://prospect.org/blogs-and-newsletters/tap/2023-02-28-commerce-semiconductor-construction-labor/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Harris on TAP: Unions for On-Time Construction"</a>. <i>The American Prospect</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301070502/https://prospect.org/blogs-and-newsletters/tap/2023-02-28-commerce-semiconductor-construction-labor/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">March 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=Harris+on+TAP%3A+Unions+for+On-Time+Construction&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprospect.org%2Fblogs-and-newsletters%2Ftap%2F2023-02-28-commerce-semiconductor-construction-labor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-verge-clears-congress-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-verge-clears-congress_43-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, Makena (July 28, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/28/23282494/semiconductors-chips-and-science-act-joe-biden-congress-nvidia" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"CHIPS Act clears Congress, ensuring $52 billion boost to US foundries"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901231113/https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/28/23282494/semiconductors-chips-and-science-act-joe-biden-congress-nvidia" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 5,</span> 2022</span>.</span></li></ol><div><ol class="references" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-opposes-all-blank-checks-to-chip-companies/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NEWS: Sanders Opposes All Blank Checks to Chip Companies » Senator Bernie Sanders"</a>. <i>Senator Bernie Sanders</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909122507/https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-opposes-all-blank-checks-to-chip-companies/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">September 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senator+Bernie+Sanders&rft.atitle=NEWS%3A+Sanders+Opposes+All+Blank+Checks+to+Chip+Companies+%C2%BB+Senator+Bernie+Sanders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanders.senate.gov%2Fpress-releases%2Fnews-sanders-opposes-all-blank-checks-to-chip-companies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFO'Meara2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">O'Meara, Sean (July 29, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.asiafinancial.com/china-says-us-chip-act-will-harm-supply-chain-global-trade" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"China Says US Chip Act Will Harm Supply Chain, Global Trade"</a>. <i>Asia Financial</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825201518/https://www.asiafinancial.com/china-says-us-chip-act-will-harm-supply-chain-global-trade" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Financial&rft.atitle=China+Says+US+Chip+Act+Will+Harm+Supply+Chain%2C+Global+Trade&rft.date=2022-07-29&rft.aulast=O%27Meara&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiafinancial.com%2Fchina-says-us-chip-act-will-harm-supply-chain-global-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Brookings-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Brookings_46-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFTimmersKreps2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Timmers, Paul; Kreps, Sarah (December 20, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/bringing-economics-back-into-the-politics-of-the-eu-and-u-s-chips-acts-china-semiconductor-competition/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bringing economics back into EU and U.S. chips policy"</a>. <i>Brookings</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108121604/https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/bringing-economics-back-into-the-politics-of-the-eu-and-u-s-chips-acts-china-semiconductor-competition/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Bringing+economics+back+into+EU+and+U.S.+chips+policy&rft.date=2022-12-20&rft.aulast=Timmers&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Kreps%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Ftechstream%2Fbringing-economics-back-into-the-politics-of-the-eu-and-u-s-chips-acts-china-semiconductor-competition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Kuttner_2023-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Kuttner_2023_47-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKuttner2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kuttner, Robert (January 24, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://prospect.org/economy/2023-01-24-biden-american-industrial-policy/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Reclaiming U.S. Industry"</a>. <i>The American Prospect</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203113154/https://prospect.org/economy/2023-01-24-biden-american-industrial-policy/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">February 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=Reclaiming+U.S.+Industry&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft.aulast=Kuttner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprospect.org%2Feconomy%2F2023-01-24-biden-american-industrial-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2023_48-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFTankersleySwanson2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tankersley, Jim; Swanson, Jim (February 27, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/27/us/politics/chips-act-biden-commerce-department.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Biden's Semiconductor Plan Flexes the Power of the Federal Government"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228235312/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/27/us/politics/chips-act-biden-commerce-department.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">March 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Biden%27s+Semiconductor+Plan+Flexes+the+Power+of+the+Federal+Government&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft.aulast=Tankersley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Swanson%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F27%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fchips-act-biden-commerce-department.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Harris_Jun222023-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Harris_Jun222023_49-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Harris_Jun222023_49-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Harris_Jun222023_49-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHarris2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harris, Lee (June 22, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://prospect.org/labor/2023-06-22-tsmc-semiconductor-factory-phoenix-accidents/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Chipmaker's Scramble to Build Marred by Mistakes and Injuries"</a>. <i>The American Prospect</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">June 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=Chipmaker%27s+Scramble+to+Build+Marred+by+Mistakes+and+Injuries&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprospect.org%2Flabor%2F2023-06-22-tsmc-semiconductor-factory-phoenix-accidents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Commerce_2023-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Commerce_2023_50-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOC/bulletins/354ebdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"CHIPS for America's Strong Start"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of Commerce</i>. April 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">May 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=CHIPS+for+America%27s+Strong+Start&rft.date=2023-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.govdelivery.com%2Faccounts%2FUSDOC%2Fbulletins%2F354ebdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Dayen_2023-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Dayen_2023_51-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Dayen_2023_51-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFDayen2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dayen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Dayen">Dayen, David</a> (May 25, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://prospect.org/api/content/4746efa0-fa57-11ed-a84c-12163087a831/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Liberalism That Builds Power"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Prospect" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">May 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=A+Liberalism+That+Builds+Power&rft.date=2023-05-25&rft.aulast=Dayen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprospect.org%2Fapi%2Fcontent%2F4746efa0-fa57-11ed-a84c-12163087a831%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Lee_Nellis_2023-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Lee_Nellis_2023_52-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Lee_Nellis_2023_52-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFLeeNellis2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lee, Jane; Nellis, Stephen (May 22, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/applied-materials-invest-4-bln-silicon-valley-chip-research-center-2023-05-22/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Applied Materials to invest $4 bln in Silicon Valley chip research center"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">June 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Applied+Materials+to+invest+%244+bln+in+Silicon+Valley+chip+research+center&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Nellis%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fapplied-materials-invest-4-bln-silicon-valley-chip-research-center-2023-05-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Harris_Apr72023-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Harris_Apr72023_53-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHarris2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harris, Lee (April 7, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://americanprospect.bluelena.io/index.php?action=social&chash=cb79f8fa58b91d3af6c9c991f63962d3.1990" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"BASED: CHIPS Act Manufacturer Snubs Union Workers"</a>. <i>The American Prospect</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407154116/https://americanprospect.bluelena.io/index.php?action=social&chash=cb79f8fa58b91d3af6c9c991f63962d3.1990" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">April 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=BASED%3A+CHIPS+Act+Manufacturer+Snubs+Union+Workers&rft.date=2023-04-07&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanprospect.bluelena.io%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dsocial%26chash%3Dcb79f8fa58b91d3af6c9c991f63962d3.1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKrachHormats2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Krach, Keith; Hormats, Bob (December 21, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/3782796-funding-the-chips-and-science-act-is-a-national-security-imperative/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Funding the CHIPS and Science Act is a national security imperative"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162756/https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/3782796-funding-the-chips-and-science-act-is-a-national-security-imperative/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Funding+the+CHIPS+and+Science+Act+is+a+national+security+imperative&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft.aulast=Krach&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Hormats%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Ftechnology%2F3782796-funding-the-chips-and-science-act-is-a-national-security-imperative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Conness_2023-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Conness_2023_55-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Conness_2023_55-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Conness_2023_55-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.jackconness.com/ira-chips-investments" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and CHIPS and Science Act Investments"</a>. <i>Jack Conness</i>. December 20, 2023. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223123338/https://www.jackconness.com/ira-chips-investments" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jack+Conness&rft.atitle=Inflation+Reduction+Act+%28IRA%29+and+CHIPS+and+Science+Act+Investments&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jackconness.com%2Fira-chips-investments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Ravi_Casanova_2022-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Ravi_Casanova_2022_56-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Ravi_Casanova_2022_56-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFRaviCasanova2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ravi, Sarah; Casanova, Robert (December 14, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.semiconductors.org/the-chips-act-has-already-sparked-200-billion-in-private-investments-for-u-s-semiconductor-production/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The CHIPS Act Has Already Sparked $200 Billion in Private Investments for U.S. Semiconductor Production"</a>. <i>Semiconductor Industry Association</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330085952/https://www.semiconductors.org/the-chips-act-has-already-sparked-200-billion-in-private-investments-for-u-s-semiconductor-production/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">May 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Semiconductor+Industry+Association&rft.atitle=The+CHIPS+Act+Has+Already+Sparked+%24200+Billion+in+Private+Investments+for+U.S.+Semiconductor+Production&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft.aulast=Ravi&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Casanova%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semiconductors.org%2Fthe-chips-act-has-already-sparked-200-billion-in-private-investments-for-u-s-semiconductor-production%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://investors.gf.com/news-releases/news-release-details/globalfoundries-plans-build-new-fab-upstate-new-york-private" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"GlobalFoundries Plans to Build New Fab in Upstate New York in Private-Public Partnership to Support U.S. Semiconductor Manufacturing"</a> (Press release). GlobalFoundries. July 19, 2021. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162812/https://investors.gf.com/news-releases/news-release-details/globalfoundries-plans-build-new-fab-upstate-new-york-private" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GlobalFoundries+Plans+to+Build+New+Fab+in+Upstate+New+York+in+Private-Public+Partnership+to+Support+U.S.+Semiconductor+Manufacturing&rft.pub=GlobalFoundries&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestors.gf.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fnews-release-details%2Fglobalfoundries-plans-build-new-fab-upstate-new-york-private&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/11/24/1058770506/samsung-says-it-will-build-17b-chip-factory-in-texas" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Samsung says it will build $17B chip factory in Texas"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. Associated Press. November 24, 2021. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162755/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/24/1058770506/samsung-says-it-will-build-17b-chip-factory-in-texas" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Samsung+says+it+will+build+%2417B+chip+factory+in+Texas&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F11%2F24%2F1058770506%2Fsamsung-says-it-will-build-17b-chip-factory-in-texas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/21/intel-plans-20-billion-chip-manufacturing-site-in-ohio.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intel to invest up to $100 billion in Ohio chip plants"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. January 21, 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162755/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/21/intel-plans-20-billion-chip-manufacturing-site-in-ohio.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Intel+to+invest+up+to+%24100+billion+in+Ohio+chip+plants&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F01%2F21%2Fintel-plans-20-billion-chip-manufacturing-site-in-ohio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFService" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Service, Purdue News. <a class="external text" href="https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2022/Q2/purdue-launches-nations-first-comprehensive-semiconductor-degrees-program.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Purdue launches nation's first comprehensive Semiconductor Degrees Program"</a>. <i>www.purdue.edu</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162758/https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2022/Q2/purdue-launches-nations-first-comprehensive-semiconductor-degrees-program.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.purdue.edu&rft.atitle=Purdue+launches+nation%27s+first+comprehensive+Semiconductor+Degrees+Program&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Purdue+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.purdue.edu%2Fnewsroom%2Freleases%2F2022%2FQ2%2Fpurdue-launches-nations-first-comprehensive-semiconductor-degrees-program.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFPaul2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Paul, Joseph (May 27, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wlfi.com/news/purdue-launches-nations-first-semiconductor-degree-program/article_e2e3ccac-ddf3-11ec-a80c-478643b0c0f6.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Purdue launches nation's first semiconductor degree program"</a>. <i>WLFI News 18</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162755/https://www.wlfi.com/news/purdue-launches-nations-first-semiconductor-degree-program/article_e2e3ccac-ddf3-11ec-a80c-478643b0c0f6.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WLFI+News+18&rft.atitle=Purdue+launches+nation%27s+first+semiconductor+degree+program&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlfi.com%2Fnews%2Fpurdue-launches-nations-first-semiconductor-degree-program%2Farticle_e2e3ccac-ddf3-11ec-a80c-478643b0c0f6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.semiconductor-digest.com/texas-instruments-breaks-ground-on-new-300mm-semiconductor-wafer-fabrication-plant-in-sherman-texas/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Texas Instruments Breaks Ground on New 300mm Semiconductor Wafer Fabrication Plant in Sherman, Texas"</a>. May 20, 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162757/https://www.semiconductor-digest.com/texas-instruments-breaks-ground-on-new-300mm-semiconductor-wafer-fabrication-plant-in-sherman-texas/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+Instruments+Breaks+Ground+on+New+300mm+Semiconductor+Wafer+Fabrication+Plant+in+Sherman%2C+Texas&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semiconductor-digest.com%2Ftexas-instruments-breaks-ground-on-new-300mm-semiconductor-wafer-fabrication-plant-in-sherman-texas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFLee2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lee, Jane Lanhee (July 20, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/skywater-unveils-plans-build-18-bln-chip-facility-indiana-2022-07-20/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"SkyWater unveils plans to build $1.8 bln chip facility in Indiana"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162756/https://www.reuters.com/technology/skywater-unveils-plans-build-18-bln-chip-facility-indiana-2022-07-20/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=SkyWater+unveils+plans+to+build+%241.8+bln+chip+facility+in+Indiana&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jane+Lanhee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fskywater-unveils-plans-build-18-bln-chip-facility-indiana-2022-07-20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220720005657/en/SkyWater-Plans-to-Build-Advanced-1.8B-Semiconductor-Manufacturing-Facility-in-Partnership-with-the-State-of-Indiana-and-Purdue-University" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"SkyWater Plans to Build Advanced $1.8B Semiconductor Manufacturing Facility in Partnership with the State of Indiana and Purdue University"</a>. <i>www.businesswire.com</i>. July 20, 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105162756/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220720005657/en/SkyWater-Plans-to-Build-Advanced-1.8B-Semiconductor-Manufacturing-Facility-in-Partnership-with-the-State-of-Indiana-and-Purdue-University" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.businesswire.com&rft.atitle=SkyWater+Plans+to+Build+Advanced+%241.8B+Semiconductor+Manufacturing+Facility+in+Partnership+with+the+State+of+Indiana+and+Purdue+University&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20220720005657%2Fen%2FSkyWater-Plans-to-Build-Advanced-1.8B-Semiconductor-Manufacturing-Facility-in-Partnership-with-the-State-of-Indiana-and-Purdue-University&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wolfspeed.com/company/news-events/news/wolfspeed-selects-north-carolina-for-worlds-largest-silicon-carbide-materials-facility/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Wolfspeed Selects North Carolina for World's Largest Silicon Carbide Materials Facility"</a>. <i>Wolfspeed press release</i>. September 9, 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417210901/https://www.wolfspeed.com/company/news-events/news/wolfspeed-selects-north-carolina-for-worlds-largest-silicon-carbide-materials-facility/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">April 17,</span> 2023</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">In addition, the company hopes to apply for and obtain federal funding from the CHIPS and Science Act to accelerate the construction and build-out of the facility.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wolfspeed+press+release&rft.atitle=Wolfspeed+Selects+North+Carolina+for+World%27s+Largest+Silicon+Carbide+Materials+Facility&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wolfspeed.com%2Fcompany%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fwolfspeed-selects-north-carolina-for-worlds-largest-silicon-carbide-materials-facility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-WaPo_2022-10-04-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-WaPo_2022-10-04_66-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-WaPo_2022-10-04_66-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/04/micron-chip-factory-new-york/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Chipmaker Micron to build $20 billion N.Y. factory amid semiconductor boom"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0190-8286</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006002244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/04/micron-chip-factory-new-york/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">October 5,</span> 2022</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">New York is giving Micron $5.5 billion in tax credits over the life of the project if the company meets certain employment targets.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Chipmaker+Micron+to+build+%2420+billion+N.Y.+factory+amid+semiconductor+boom&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2022%2F10%2F04%2Fmicron-chip-factory-new-york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFLohr2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lohr, Steve (October 4, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/technology/micron-chip-clay-syracuse.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Micron Pledges Up to $100 Billion for Semiconductor Factory in New York"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0362-4331</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006000024/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/technology/micron-chip-clay-syracuse.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">October 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Micron+Pledges+Up+to+%24100+Billion+for+Semiconductor+Factory+in+New+York&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lohr&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F10%2F04%2Ftechnology%2Fmicron-chip-clay-syracuse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKinery2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kinery, Emma (December 6, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/06/tsmc-to-up-arizona-investment-to-40-billion-with-second-semiconductor-chip-plant.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"TSMC to up Arizona investment to $40 billion with second semiconductor chip plant"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230106112439/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/06/tsmc-to-up-arizona-investment-to-40-billion-with-second-semiconductor-chip-plant.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=TSMC+to+up+Arizona+investment+to+%2440+billion+with+second+semiconductor+chip+plant&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.aulast=Kinery&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F12%2F06%2Ftsmc-to-up-arizona-investment-to-40-billion-with-second-semiconductor-chip-plant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-WSJ_2022-12-05-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-WSJ_2022-12-05_69-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFJie2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jie, Yang (December 5, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/tsmcs-arizona-chip-plant-awaiting-biden-visit-faces-birthing-pains-11670236129?mod=Searchresults_pos2&page=1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"TSMC's Arizona Chip Plant, Awaiting Biden Visit, Faces Birthing Pains - Taiwanese company cites high costs and shortage of skilled personnel as it pushes to open $12 billion factory next year"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303023453/https://www.wsj.com/articles/tsmcs-arizona-chip-plant-awaiting-biden-visit-faces-birthing-pains-11670236129?mod=Searchresults_pos2&page=1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">March 3,</span> 2023</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Mr. Biden has been pushing to bring more high-tech manufacturing to the U.S. In August, he signed a law that includes $52 billion in direct aid for building semiconductor plants, which lawmakers viewed as key to ensuring American technology leadership and securing supply chains. ... Mr. Chang said the cost of making chips in Arizona may be at least 50% higher than in Taiwan.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=TSMC%27s+Arizona+Chip+Plant%2C+Awaiting+Biden+Visit%2C+Faces+Birthing+Pains+-+Taiwanese+company+cites+high+costs+and+shortage+of+skilled+personnel+as+it+pushes+to+open+%2412+billion+factory+next+year&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.aulast=Jie&rft.aufirst=Yang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Ftsmcs-arizona-chip-plant-awaiting-biden-visit-faces-birthing-pains-11670236129%3Fmod%3DSearchresults_pos2%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Noah_SS-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Noah_SS_70-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFSmith2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Smith_(writer)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noah Smith (writer)">Smith, Noah</a> (February 7, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://noahpinion.substack.com/p/the-build-nothing-country?sd=pf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Build-Nothing Country - Stasis has become America's spoils system, and it can't go on"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303023452/https://noahpinion.substack.com/p/the-build-nothing-country?sd=pf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">March 3,</span> 2023</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">TSMC, the Taiwanese company that recently agreed to build a big plant in Arizona, is running into major cost issues:</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Build-Nothing+Country+-+Stasis+has+become+America%27s+spoils+system%2C+and+it+can%27t+go+on.&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoahpinion.substack.com%2Fp%2Fthe-build-nothing-country%3Fsd%3Dpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Clarke_2023-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Clarke_2023_71-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFClarke2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Clarke, Kaitlyn (February 15, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://business.utah.gov/tax-credits/texas-instruments-to-build-new-chip-factory-in-lehi-bringing-hundreds-of-jobs-to-the-state/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Texas Instruments To Build New Chip Factory in Lehi, Bringing Hundreds of Jobs to the State"</a>. <i>business.utah.gov</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309202429/https://business.utah.gov/tax-credits/texas-instruments-to-build-new-chip-factory-in-lehi-bringing-hundreds-of-jobs-to-the-state/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">March 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=business.utah.gov&rft.atitle=Texas+Instruments+To+Build+New+Chip+Factory+in+Lehi%2C+Bringing+Hundreds+of+Jobs+to+the+State&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Kaitlyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.utah.gov%2Ftax-credits%2Ftexas-instruments-to-build-new-chip-factory-in-lehi-bringing-hundreds-of-jobs-to-the-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Wichita_2023-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Wichita_2023_72-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.kansascommerce.gov/2023/02/governor-kelly-announces-integra-technologies-to-invest-1-8b-create-nearly-2000-jobs-with-wichita-semiconductor-plant/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Governor Kelly Announces Integra Technologies to Invest $1.8B, Create Nearly 2,000 Jobs with Wichita Semiconductor Plant"</a>. <i>Kansas Department of Commerce</i>. February 2, 2023. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307092324/https://www.kansascommerce.gov/2023/02/governor-kelly-announces-integra-technologies-to-invest-1-8b-create-nearly-2000-jobs-with-wichita-semiconductor-plant/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">March 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kansas+Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Governor+Kelly+Announces+Integra+Technologies+to+Invest+%241.8B%2C+Create+Nearly+2%2C000+Jobs+with+Wichita+Semiconductor+Plant&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascommerce.gov%2F2023%2F02%2Fgovernor-kelly-announces-integra-technologies-to-invest-1-8b-create-nearly-2000-jobs-with-wichita-semiconductor-plant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Burlington_2023-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Burlington_2023_73-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.kansascommerce.gov/2023/02/governor-kelly-announces-emp-shield-plans-to-build-1-9-billion-1200-job-computer-chip-manufacturing-facility-in-coffey-county/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Governor Kelly Announces EMP Shield Plans to Build $1.9 Billion, 1,200-Job Computer Chip Manufacturing Facility in Coffey County"</a>. <i>Kansas Department of Commerce</i>. February 20, 2023. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309202433/https://www.kansascommerce.gov/2023/02/governor-kelly-announces-emp-shield-plans-to-build-1-9-billion-1200-job-computer-chip-manufacturing-facility-in-coffey-county/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">March 9,</span> 2023</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">EMP Shield will leverage state support to apply for CHIPS Act funding to see its plans to fruition. The project came together shortly after the CHIPS Act was signed into law last August. Additional stipulations include private-public partnerships as well as the involvement of higher education institutions.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kansas+Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Governor+Kelly+Announces+EMP+Shield+Plans+to+Build+%241.9+Billion%2C+1%2C200-Job+Computer+Chip+Manufacturing+Facility+in+Coffey+County&rft.date=2023-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascommerce.gov%2F2023%2F02%2Fgovernor-kelly-announces-emp-shield-plans-to-build-1-9-billion-1200-job-computer-chip-manufacturing-facility-in-coffey-county%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Bellan_2023-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Bellan_2023_74-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBellan2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bellan, Rebecca (April 26, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/26/bosch-to-acquire-tsi-semiconductors-for-1-5b-to-boost-us-chip-production/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bosch to acquire TSI Semiconductors to boost US chip production"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">May 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Bosch+to+acquire+TSI+Semiconductors+to+boost+US+chip+production&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft.aulast=Bellan&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2023%2F04%2F26%2Fbosch-to-acquire-tsi-semiconductors-for-1-5b-to-boost-us-chip-production%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Kaminski_2023_Whitmer_article-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Kaminski_2023_Whitmer_article_75-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKaminski2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kaminski, Kyle (June 30, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://gandernewsroom.com/2023/06/30/whitmer-reels-in-hundreds-of-jobs-as-more-big-name-companies-rush-to-make-it-in-michigan/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Whitmer Reels in Hundreds of Jobs as More Big-Name Companies Rush to 'Make it in Michigan'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>The Gander - Michigan's Newsroom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gander+-+Michigan%27s+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Whitmer+Reels+in+Hundreds+of+Jobs+as+More+Big-Name+Companies+Rush+to+%27Make+it+in+Michigan%27&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft.aulast=Kaminski&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgandernewsroom.com%2F2023%2F06%2F30%2Fwhitmer-reels-in-hundreds-of-jobs-as-more-big-name-companies-rush-to-make-it-in-michigan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Commerce_October_2023-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Commerce_October_2023_76-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.commerce.gov/news/fact-sheets/2023/10/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-31-regional-tech-hubs" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces 31 Regional Tech Hubs to Spur American Innovation, Strengthen Manufacturing, and Create Good-Paying Jobs in Every Region of the Country"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of Commerce</i>. October 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">October 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=FACT+SHEET%3A+Biden-%E2%81%A0Harris+Administration+Announces+31+Regional+Tech+Hubs+to+Spur+American+Innovation%2C+Strengthen+Manufacturing%2C+and+Create+Good-Paying+Jobs+in+Every+Region+of+the+Country&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commerce.gov%2Fnews%2Ffact-sheets%2F2023%2F10%2Ffact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-31-regional-tech-hubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-U.S._Economic_Development_Administration_2023-77" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-U.S._Economic_Development_Administration_2023_77-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/regional-technology-and-innovation-hubs" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs (Tech Hubs)"</a>. <i>U.S. Economic Development Administration</i>. October 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">October 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Economic+Development+Administration&rft.atitle=Regional+Technology+and+Innovation+Hubs+%28Tech+Hubs%29&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eda.gov%2Ffunding%2Fprograms%2Fregional-technology-and-innovation-hubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Shepardson_2023-78" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Shepardson_2023_78-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFShepardson2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shepardson, David (October 23, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/biden-administration-picks-31-regional-tech-hubs-spur-us-innovation-2023-10-23/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"US picks 31 regional hubs to spur tech innovation"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">October 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=US+picks+31+regional+hubs+to+spur+tech+innovation&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft.aulast=Shepardson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fbiden-administration-picks-31-regional-tech-hubs-spur-us-innovation-2023-10-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-79" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMechanic2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mechanic, Michael (April 27, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/04/house-republicans-debt-ceiling-clean-energy-ira-irs-joe-biden/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"House Republicans Are Playing Debt-Ceiling Russian Roulette"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">May 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=House+Republicans+Are+Playing+Debt-Ceiling+Russian+Roulette&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft.aulast=Mechanic&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F04%2Fhouse-republicans-debt-ceiling-clean-energy-ira-irs-joe-biden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Jenkins_2023-80" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Jenkins_2023_80-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFJenkins2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jenkins, Jesse D. (May 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2023/04/electrify-everything-scope-data/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What "Electrify Everything" Actually Looks Like"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">May 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=What+%22Electrify+Everything%22+Actually+Looks+Like&rft.date=2023-05&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Jesse+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2F04%2Felectrify-everything-scope-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Podesta_BPC_address_2023-81" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Podesta_BPC_address_2023_81-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFJohn_Podesta2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Podesta" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Podesta">John Podesta</a> (May 10, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/05/10/remarks-as-prepared-for-delivery-by-senior-advisor-john-podesta-on-the-biden-harris-administrations-priorities-for-energy-infrastructure-permitting-reform/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Remarks as Prepared for Delivery Before the Bipartisan Policy Center by Senior Advisor John Podesta on the Biden-Harris Administration's Priorities for Energy Infrastructure Permitting Reform"</a>. <i>The White House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">June 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=Remarks+as+Prepared+for+Delivery+Before+the+Bipartisan+Policy+Center+by+Senior+Advisor+John+Podesta+on+the+Biden-Harris+Administration%27s+Priorities+for+Energy+Infrastructure+Permitting+Reform&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft.au=John+Podesta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fspeeches-remarks%2F2023%2F05%2F10%2Fremarks-as-prepared-for-delivery-by-senior-advisor-john-podesta-on-the-biden-harris-administrations-priorities-for-energy-infrastructure-permitting-reform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FT_2023-82" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-FT_2023_82-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Financial Times (December 6, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfaubxeS5HU" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>How Biden's Inflation Reduction Act changed the world</i></a>. London, UK: YouTube. Event occurs at 3:27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">January 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Biden%27s+Inflation+Reduction+Act+changed+the+world&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcfaubxeS5HU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-CAP_2023-83" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-CAP_2023_83-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFRaglandKoronowskiSimhoni2023" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ragland, Will; Koronowski, Ryan; Simhoni, Shanee (June 20, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/article/investment-tracker/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Biden Administration Investment Tracker"</a>. <i>Center for American Progress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">June 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+American+Progress&rft.atitle=Biden+Administration+Investment+Tracker&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.aulast=Ragland&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Koronowski%2C+Ryan&rft.au=Simhoni%2C+Shanee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Farticle%2Finvestment-tracker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Invest.gov_2023-84" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Invest.gov_2023_84-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/invest/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Investing In America"</a>. <i>The White House</i>. December 22, 2023. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223145730/https://www.whitehouse.gov/invest/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=Investing+In+America&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Finvest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Applied_Materials_2023-85" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Applied_Materials_2023_85-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://ir.appliedmaterials.com/news-releases/news-release-details/applied-materials-launches-multibillion-dollar-rd-platform" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Applied Materials Launches Multibillion-Dollar R&D Platform in Silicon Valley to Accelerate Semiconductor Innovation"</a>. <i>Applied Materials</i>. May 22, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Applied+Materials&rft.atitle=Applied+Materials+Launches+Multibillion-Dollar+R%26D+Platform+in+Silicon+Valley+to+Accelerate+Semiconductor+Innovation&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.appliedmaterials.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fnews-release-details%2Fapplied-materials-launches-multibillion-dollar-rd-platform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACHIPS+and+Science+Act"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Leggate_2023-86" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_ref-Leggate_2023_86-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leggate, James (May 24, 2023). <a class="external text" href="https://www.enr.com/articles/56516-applied-materials-to-build-chip-r-and-d-center-costing-up-to-4b" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Applied Materials to Build Chip R&D Center Costing Up to $4B"</a>. <i>Engineering News-Record</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="text-wrap: nowrap;">August 16,</span> 2023</span>.</span></li></ol><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.6px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "McKinsey Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: var(--mdc-font-weight-medium);"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The chips are down: </em></span><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; font-family: "McKinsey Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">The United States makes 12 percent of the world’s semiconductors, compared with 37 percent in the 1990s, according to US government statistics.</span><span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__7oYio" style="--footnote-number-color: var(--mdc-color-palette-electric-blue); background-color: #f0f0f0; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "McKinsey Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><a aria-describedby="49038bc5-acc7-43c2-9ef1-2780d6e44c5a" aria-label="footnote" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__jPMLi undefined " data-testid="article-footnote" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--link-inline-default-border-color); border-image: initial !important; border-left: none !important; border-right: none !important; border-top: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: currentcolor; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; line-height: normal; padding-left: calc(var(--mdc-size-spacing-4)/2); padding-right: calc(var(--mdc-size-spacing-4)/2); position: relative; transition: background-color 0.12s linear 0s, color 0s ease 0s;"><span class="FootNote_footnotesup__J92bA" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: var(--mdc-size-font-14); line-height: var(--mdc-size-line-height-20); position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span></a></span><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; font-family: "McKinsey Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"> Many US firms are dependent on chips made abroad, and the fragility of those supply chains has been laid bare over the past 18 months. Moreover, McKinsey research estimates that worldwide demand will keep growing, with semiconductors poised to </span><a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/semiconductors/our-insights/the-semiconductor-decade-a-trillion-dollar-industry" style="background-color: #f0f0f0; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--link-inline-default-border-color); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "McKinsey Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding-left: calc(var(--mdc-size-spacing-4)/2); padding-right: calc(var(--mdc-size-spacing-4)/2); text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0.12s linear 0s, color 0s ease 0s;">become a $1 trillion industry</a><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; font-family: "McKinsey Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"> by the end of the decade.</span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: #f0f0f0; font-family: "McKinsey Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "McKinsey Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: var(--mdc-font-weight-medium);"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">By the numbers:</em></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "McKinsey Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"> The CHIPS Act directs $280 billion in spending over the next ten years. The majority—$200 billion—is for scientific R&D and commercialization. Some $52.7 billion is for semiconductor manufacturing, R&D, and workforce development, with another $24 billion worth of tax credits for chip production. There is $3 billion slated for programs aimed at leading-edge technology and wireless supply chains.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-14019444551549659392024-01-12T10:16:00.000-08:002024-01-12T10:55:46.099-08:00CHIPS and Science Act Will Lower Costs, Create Jobs, Strengthen Supply Chains, and Counter China<p> <span face="MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0a2458; font-size: 16px;">In President Biden’s first year in office, the Biden-Harris Administration has implemented an industrial strategy to revitalize domestic manufacturing, create good-paying American jobs, strengthen American supply chains, and accelerate the industries of the future. These policies have spurred an historic recovery in manufacturing, adding 642,000 manufacturing jobs since 2021. Companies are investing in America again, bringing good-paying manufacturing jobs back home. The construction of new manufacturing facilities has increased 116 percent over last year.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px; width: 615px;">Today, President Biden will sign into law the bipartisan CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, which will build on this progress, making historic investments that will poise U.S. workers, communities, and businesses to win the race for the 21<sup style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0;">st</sup> century. It will strengthen American manufacturing, supply chains, and national security, and invest in research and development, science and technology, and the workforce of the future to keep the United States the leader in the industries of tomorrow, including nanotechnology, clean energy, quantum computing, and artificial intelligence. The CHIPS and Science Act makes the smart investments so that Americans can compete in and win the future.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px; width: 615px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Spurred by the passage of the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, this week, companies have announced nearly $50 billion in additional investments in American semiconductor manufacturing, bringing total business investment to nearly $150 billion since President Biden took office:</u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; width: 615px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Micron is announcing a <span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">$40 billion</u></span> investment in memory chip manufacturing, critical for computers and electronic devices, which will create up to 40,000 new jobs in construction and manufacturing. This investment alone will bring the U.S. market share of memory chip production from less than 2 percent to up to 10 percent over the next decade.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;">Qualcomm and GlobalFoundries are announcing a new partnership that includes <span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">$4.2 billion </span>to manufacture chips in an expansion of GlobalFoundries’ upstate New York facility. Qualcomm, the leading fabless semiconductor company in the world, announced plans to increase semiconductor production in the U.S. by up to 50 percent over the next five years.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px; width: 615px;">The CHIPS and Science Act will boost American semiconductor research, development, and production, ensuring U.S. leadership in the technology that forms the foundation of everything from automobiles to household appliances to defense systems. America invented the semiconductor, but today produces about 10 percent of the world’s supply—and none of the most advanced chips. Instead, we rely on East Asia for 75 percent of global production. The CHIPS and Science Act will unlock hundreds of billions more in private sector semiconductor investment across the country, including production essential to national defense and critical sectors.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px; width: 615px;">The law will also ensure the United States maintains and advances its scientific and technological edge. In the mid-1960s, at the peak of the race to the moon, the federal government invested 2 percent of GDP in research and development. By 2020, that number had fallen to less than 1 percent. Economic growth and prosperity over the last 40 years has clustered in a few regions on the coasts, leaving far too many communities behind. The CHIPS and Science Act will ensure the future is made in ALL of America, and unlock opportunities in science and technology for those who have been historically left out.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px; width: 615px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Biden-Harris Administration has already taken action to ensure expedient, responsible deployment of CHIPS and Science Act funding:</u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; width: 615px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Coordinated permitting for high-tech manufacturing.</span> Today, the Administration is announcing the launch of a sector-specific interagency expert working group on permitting and permitting-related project delivery issues for high-tech manufacturing, consistent with the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Biden-Harris-Permitting-Action-Plan.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 100, 188, 0.25); box-sizing: border-box; color: #0064bc; padding-bottom: 2px; text-decoration-line: none; text-underline-position: under; touch-action: manipulation; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">President’s Permitting Action Plan announced in May</a>. This interagency working group will build on the interagency CHIPS and Science Act planning to date between the Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Protection Agency, and the Department of Commerce. It will help to ensure collaboration and coordination across federal agencies, the private sector, and with state and local governments to facilitate timely and effective reviews of all federally-funded projects. The working group will also serve as a clearinghouse for best practices with respect to permitting and other project delivery issues to support implementation of projects funded by the bill.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) releases new recommendations on semiconductors R&D. </span>Today, PCAST sent a letter to the President with their recommendations for implementing the CHIPS and Science Act, including: forming a national microelectronics training network for semiconductor workforce development across academic institutions, including minority-serving institutions and community colleges; fostering innovation by reducing the barriers of entry to startups; recommending the development of a “chiplet platform” to enable startups and researchers to more rapidly innovate at lower cost; and setting a national semiconductor research agenda with fundamental research and grand challenges to, for example, build the first “zettascale supercomputer” which would be 1,000 times faster than the fastest supercomputer available today. The full PCAST semiconductors report will be released this fall.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px; width: 615px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">The CHIPS and Science Act will:</u></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; width: 615px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bolster U.S. leadership in semiconductors. </span>The CHIPS and Science Act provides <span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">$52.7 billion</span> for American semiconductor research, development, manufacturing, and workforce development. This includes <span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">$39 billion</span> in manufacturing incentives, including <span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">$2 billion </span>for the legacy chips used in automobiles and defense systems, <span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">$13.2 billion </span>in R&D and workforce development,and <span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">$500</span> <span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">million </span>to provide for international information communications technology security and semiconductor supply chain activities. It also provides a 25 percent investment tax credit for capital expenses for manufacturing of semiconductors and related equipment. These incentives will secure domestic supply, create tens of thousands of good-paying, union construction jobs and thousands more high-skilled manufacturing jobs, and catalyze hundreds of billions more in private investment.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px; width: 615px;">The bill requires recipients to demonstrate significant worker and community investments, including opportunities for small businesses and disadvantaged communities, ensuring semiconductor incentives support equitable economic growth and development.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px; width: 615px;">These funds also come with strong guardrails, ensuring that recipients do not build certain facilities in China and other countries of concern, and preventing companies from using taxpayer funds for stock buybacks and shareholder dividends. It will also support good-paying, union construction jobs by requiring Davis-Bacon prevailing wage rates for facilities built with CHIPS funding.</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; width: 615px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Promote U.S. innovation in wireless supply chains</span>. The CHIPS and Science Act includes <span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">$1.5 billion</span> for promoting and deploying wireless technologies that use open and interoperable radio access networks. This investment will boost U.S. leadership in wireless technologies and their supply chains.</li></ul><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; width: 615px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Advance U.S. global leadership in the technologies of the future. </span> U.S. leadership in new technologies—from artificial intelligence to biotechnology to computing—is critical to both our future economic competitiveness and our national security. Public investments in R&D lay the foundation for the future breakthroughs that over time yield new businesses, new jobs, and more exports.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px; width: 615px;">The CHIPS and Science Act will establish a technology, innovation, and partnerships directorate at the National Science Foundation (NSF) to focus on fields like semiconductors and advanced computing, advanced communications technology, advanced energy technologies, quantum information technologies, and biotechnology. It will strengthen commercialization of research and technology, ensuring that what is invented in America is made in America. The Act will also reauthorize and expand fundamental and use-inspired research at the Department of Energy Office of Science and the National Institute of Standards and Technology to sustain U.S. leadership in the sciences and engineering as the engine for American innovation.</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; width: 615px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Catalyze regional economic growth and development. </span>The CHIPS and Science Act authorizes $10 billion to invest in regional innovation and technology hubs across the country, bringing together state and local governments, institutes of higher education, labor unions, businesses, and community-based organizations to create regional partnerships to develop technology, innovation, and manufacturing sectors.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />These hubs will create jobs, spur regional economic development, and position communities throughout the country to lead in high-growth, high-wage sectors such as artificial intelligence, advanced manufacturing, and clean energy technology. It also authorizes a $1 billion RECOMPETE pilot program at the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration (EDA) to alleviate persistent economic distress and support long-term comprehensive economic development and job creation in the most distressed communities.</li></ul><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a2458; font-family: MercurySSm-Book-Pro_Web, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.16px; margin: 0px auto 25px; max-width: calc(50% - 20px); padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; width: 615px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Provide STEM opportunities to more of America to participate in good-paying skilled jobs. </span>Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education and workforce development activities are critical to developing skills needed for taking on the highly-skilled jobs of the emerging industries built on technologies of the future. To ensure more people from all backgrounds and all regions and communities around the country, especially people from marginalized, under-served, and under-resourced communities, can benefit from and participate in STEM education and training opportunities, the CHIPS and Science Act authorizes new and expanded investments in STEM education and training from K-12 to community college, undergraduate and graduate education.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span face="MercurySSm-Bold-Pro_Web, serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Drive opportunity and equity for all of America in STEM and innovation.</span> The legislation authorizes investments to expand the geographic and institutional diversity of research institutions and the students and researchers they serve, including new initiatives to support Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and other minority-serving institutions, and other academic institutions providing opportunities to historically-underserved students and communities, primarily through the National Science Foundation (NSF). The CHIPS and Science Act also broadens the geographic diversity of research and innovation funding to leverage the talent and ideas found all across America. The legislation also gives agencies and institutions the mission and the tools to combat sexual and gender-based harassment in the sciences, a demonstrated barrier to participation in STEM for too many Americans. Through these investments and initiatives, the bill would support learners, educators, and researchers at minority-serving and emerging research institutions and in rural communities, as well as broaden participation to include people of all backgrounds and experiences, driving the creation of a STEM ecosystem that looks like and benefits all of America.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: "Google Sans", Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">the CHIPS and Science Act (CHIPS), which makes a nearly $53 billion investment in U.S. semiconductor manufacturing, research and development, and workforce.</span></li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-35495265216311864802021-06-27T11:06:00.003-07:002021-06-27T11:06:59.578-07:00Today is renewable energy sources<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">The New Energy Revolution</h3><div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 12.6px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-6368735238016370046" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 550px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh-Dtl2I_gX8oUdUziPTol8rhGp4ZkXaWKN-NZ_TxKIrsOjRTcGISNdhUgapd9bhxNXRdFbib6zI8B8mstYgp-VEvlq7SIbW6fS6oMdtRkVzsTlFQODKt0Cq2XYRwcCiwQNL9IevFYAuQ/s1600/energy+source.jpg" style="clear: left; color: #2707ff; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh-Dtl2I_gX8oUdUziPTol8rhGp4ZkXaWKN-NZ_TxKIrsOjRTcGISNdhUgapd9bhxNXRdFbib6zI8B8mstYgp-VEvlq7SIbW6fS6oMdtRkVzsTlFQODKt0Cq2XYRwcCiwQNL9IevFYAuQ/s200/energy+source.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="200" /></a></div>You are living during a time when natural energy resources are in its prime.<br /><br />Environmentalists are finally getting a voice to make a huge impact in the oil and gas industry, by providing alternative fuels for vehicles and home energy heating solutions.<br /><br />This blog will cover the various trends in oil, gas and energy production as well as how it will improve the climate with reduced emissions. Transportation companies need to find renewable resources to meet the need of dwindling fuel production.<br /><br /><b>Top Trends in Green Energy:</b><br /><br />1. <b>Renewable Energy</b> - Sunlight, Wind, Rain Tides, Waves, Geothermal Heat, Biomass for power generation, heating homes and transporting fuels.<br /><br />A. Wind Power<br />B. Hydropower<br />C. Solar Energy<br />D. Biomass<br />E. Biofuel<br />F. Geothermal Energy<br />G. Hydroelectricity<br />H. Solar Thermal<br />I. Ocean Energy<br />J. Wave Power<br /><br />2. <b>Sustainable Energy</b> - Renewable energy sources for hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, tidal power for energy efficiency.<br /><br />A. Alternative Energy<br />B. Green Energy<br />C. Low Carbon Energy<br />D. Greenhouse Gas<br />E. Energy Security<br />F. Fossil Fuels<br />G. Solar Heating<br />H. Geothermal Energy<br />I. Solar Thermal<br />J. Nuclear Power<br /><br />As you can see there are many divisions when it comes to energy independence. Having the right sustainable energy research will help with improving efficiency for solar, wind, ethanol biofuels, geothermal as well as nuclear power plants for energy generation.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-52775951357977453962021-03-22T00:45:00.003-07:002021-07-14T15:23:46.294-07:00Healthy ecosystems and environments <div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Healthy ecosystems and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environments</span></span> are necessary to the survival of humans and other <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisms</span></span>. Ways of reducing negative human impact are <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environmentally-friendly</span></span> <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">chemical engineering</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environmental resources management</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environmental protection</span></span>. Information is gained from <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">green computing</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">green chemistry</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">earth science</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environmental science</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">conservation biology</span></span>. <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ecological economics</span></span> studies the fields of academic research that aim to address human economies and natural ecosystems.</div>
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Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">international</span></span> and national <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">law</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">urban planning</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">transport</span></span>, supply chain management, local and individual <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lifestyles</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ethical consumerism</span></span>. Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from reorganizing living conditions (e.g., <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ecovillages</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">eco-municipalities</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sustainable cities</span></span>), reappraising economic sectors (<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">permaculture</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">green building</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sustainable agriculture</span></span>), or work practices (<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sustainable architecture</span></span>), using science to develop new technologies (<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">green technologies</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">renewable energy</span></span> and sustainable <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fission</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fusion power</span></span>), or designing systems in a flexible and reversible manner, and adjusting individual <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lifestyles</span></span> that conserve natural resources.</div>
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"The term 'sustainability' should be viewed as humanity's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium (homeostasis), while 'sustainable development' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[18]</span></span></sup> Despite the increased popularity of the use of the term "sustainability", the possibility that human societies will achieve environmental sustainability has been, and continues to be, questioned—in light of <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environmental degradation</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">climate change</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">overconsumption</span></span>, population growth and societies' pursuit of unlimited <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">economic growth</span></span> in a <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">closed system</span></span>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><b>Circles of sustainability and the fourth dimension of sustainability</b></span></div>
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Urban sustainability analysis of the greater urban area of the city of São Paulo using the ‘Circles of Sustainability' method of the UN and Metropolis Association.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paul2014_4-1" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[4]</span></span></sup></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">While the </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">United Nations Millennium Declaration</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> identified principles and treaties on sustainable development, including economic development, </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">social development</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">, and environmental protection, it continued using three domains: economics, environment, and social sustainability. More recently, using a systematic domain model that responds to the debates over the last decade, the </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Circles of Sustainability</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> approach distinguished four domains of economic, ecological, political and </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cultural sustainability</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">; this in accord with the </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">United Nations</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">, </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Unesco</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">, </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Agenda 21</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">, and in particular the </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Agenda 21 for culture</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> which specifies </span></span><b style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px;">culture</b><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> as the </span></span><b style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px;">fourth</b><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> domain of sustainable development.The model is now being used by organizations such as the </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">United Nations</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> Cities Program</span></span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">and Metropolis. In the case of Metropolis, this approach does not mean adding a fourth domain of culture to the dominant </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">triple bottom line</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> figure of the economy, environment and the social. Rather, it involves treating all four domains—economy, ecology, politics, and culture—as social (including economics) and distinguishing between ecology (as the intersection of the human and natural worlds) and the environment as that which goes far beyond what we as humans can ever know.</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></span></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Seven_modalities">Seven modalities</span></h3>
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Another model suggests humans' attempt to achieve all of their needs and aspirations via seven modalities: economy, community, occupational groups, government, environment, culture, and physiology. From the global to the individual human scale, each of the seven modalities can be viewed across seven hierarchical levels. Human sustainability can be achieved by attaining sustainability in all levels of the seven modalities.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Shaping_the_future">Shaping the future</span></h3>
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Integral elements of sustainability are research and innovation activities. A telling example is the <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">European environmental research and innovation policy</span></span>. It aims at defining and implementing a transformative agenda to greening the economy and the society as a whole so to make them sustainable. Research and innovation in Europe are financially supported by the programme <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Horizon 2020</span></span>, which is also open to participation worldwide. Encouraging good farming practices ensures farmers fully benefit from the environment and at the same time conserving it for future generations. Additionally, instigating innovative and sustainable travel and transportation solutions must play a vital role in this process. During the 2019 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Activist Rodrigo Ayala brought up a couple mechanisms to allow sustainability to become integrated into society. The need to gather as a society to plant more trees in our backyards is necessary and therefore a task for the next generation.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-72276524330670291972020-10-20T19:12:00.004-07:002021-07-14T15:25:24.704-07:00Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"> Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">.Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.</span></div><br />Based on REN21's 2017 report, renewables contributed 19.3% to humans' global energy consumption and 24.5% to their generation of electricity in 2015 and 2016, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 8.9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (modern biomass, geothermal and solar heat), 3.9% from hydroelectricity and the remaining 2.2% is electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and other forms of biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015. In 2017, worldwide investments in renewable energy amounted to US$279.8 billion, with China accounting for US$126.6 billion or 45% of the global investments, the United States for US$40.5 billion, and Europe for US$40.9 billion. Globally, there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper and their share of total energy consumption is increasing. As of 2019 worldwide, more than two-thirds of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable. Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas.<br /><br />At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond. Some places and at least two countries, Iceland and Norway, generate all their electricity using renewable energy already, and many other countries have the set a goal to reach 100% renewable energy in the future. At least 47 nations around the world already have over 50 percent of electricity from renewable resources. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to fossil fuels, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.<br /><br />While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development.As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption. In addition, electrification with renewable energy is more efficient and therefore leads to significant reductions in primary energy requirements.<br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy</a><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-1672083206757520872019-12-21T00:08:00.001-08:002019-12-27T18:42:02.270-08:00Healthy ecosystems and environments<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Healthy ecosystems and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environments</span></span> are necessary to the survival of humans and other <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisms</span></span>. Ways of reducing negative human impact are <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environmentally-friendly</span></span> <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">chemical engineering</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environmental resources management</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environmental protection</span></span>. Information is gained from <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">green computing</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">green chemistry</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">earth science</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environmental science</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">conservation biology</span></span>. <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ecological economics</span></span> studies the fields of academic research that aim to address human economies and natural ecosystems.</div>
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Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">international</span></span> and national <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">law</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">urban planning</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">transport</span></span>, supply chain management, local and individual <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lifestyles</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ethical consumerism</span></span>. Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from reorganizing living conditions (e.g., <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ecovillages</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">eco-municipalities</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sustainable cities</span></span>), reappraising economic sectors (<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">permaculture</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">green building</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sustainable agriculture</span></span>), or work practices (<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sustainable architecture</span></span>), using science to develop new technologies (<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">green technologies</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">renewable energy</span></span> and sustainable <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fission</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">fusion power</span></span>), or designing systems in a flexible and reversible manner, and adjusting individual <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">lifestyles</span></span> that conserve natural resources.</div>
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"The term 'sustainability' should be viewed as humanity's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium (homeostasis), while 'sustainable development' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[18]</span></span></sup> Despite the increased popularity of the use of the term "sustainability", the possibility that human societies will achieve environmental sustainability has been, and continues to be, questioned—in light of <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">environmental degradation</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">climate change</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">overconsumption</span></span>, population growth and societies' pursuit of unlimited <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">economic growth</span></span> in a <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">closed system</span></span>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><b>Circles of sustainability and the fourth dimension of sustainability</b></span></div>
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Urban sustainability analysis of the greater urban area of the city of São Paulo using the ‘Circles of Sustainability' method of the UN and Metropolis Association.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paul2014_4-1" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[4]</span></span></sup></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">While the </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">United Nations Millennium Declaration</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> identified principles and treaties on sustainable development, including economic development, </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">social development</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">, and environmental protection, it continued using three domains: economics, environment, and social sustainability. More recently, using a systematic domain model that responds to the debates over the last decade, the </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Circles of Sustainability</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> approach distinguished four domains of economic, ecological, political and </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cultural sustainability</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">; this in accord with the </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">United Nations</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">, </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Unesco</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">, </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Agenda 21</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">, and in particular the </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Agenda 21 for culture</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> which specifies </span></span><b style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px;">culture</b><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> as the </span></span><b style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px;">fourth</b><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> domain of sustainable development.The model is now being used by organizations such as the </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">United Nations</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> Cities Program</span></span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">and Metropolis. In the case of Metropolis, this approach does not mean adding a fourth domain of culture to the dominant </span></span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">triple bottom line</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> figure of the economy, environment and the social. Rather, it involves treating all four domains—economy, ecology, politics, and culture—as social (including economics) and distinguishing between ecology (as the intersection of the human and natural worlds) and the environment as that which goes far beyond what we as humans can ever know.</span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></span></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Seven_modalities">Seven modalities</span></h3>
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Another model suggests humans' attempt to achieve all of their needs and aspirations via seven modalities: economy, community, occupational groups, government, environment, culture, and physiology. From the global to the individual human scale, each of the seven modalities can be viewed across seven hierarchical levels. Human sustainability can be achieved by attaining sustainability in all levels of the seven modalities.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Shaping_the_future">Shaping the future</span></h3>
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Integral elements of sustainability are research and innovation activities. A telling example is the <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">European environmental research and innovation policy</span></span>. It aims at defining and implementing a transformative agenda to greening the economy and the society as a whole so to make them sustainable. Research and innovation in Europe are financially supported by the programme <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Horizon 2020</span></span>, which is also open to participation worldwide. Encouraging good farming practices ensures farmers fully benefit from the environment and at the same time conserving it for future generations. Additionally, instigating innovative and sustainable travel and transportation solutions must play a vital role in this process. During the 2019 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Activist Rodrigo Ayala brought up a couple mechanisms to allow sustainability to become integrated into society. The need to gather as a society to plant more trees in our backyards is necessary and therefore a task for the next generation.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-44786709641247939782019-05-11T11:02:00.000-07:002019-12-21T00:06:08.588-08:00The Sustainable Development Goals<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The <b>Sustainable Development Goals</b> (<b>SDGs</b>) are a collection of 17 global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all".</div>
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The SDGs, set in 2015 by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> and intended to be achieved by the year 2030, are part of UN <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">Resolution</a> 70/1, the 2030 Agenda.</div>
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<b>The Sustainable Development Goals are:</b></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No Poverty</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Zero Hunger</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Good Health and Well-being</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Quality Education</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gender Equality</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Clean Water and Sanitation</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Affordable and Clean Energy</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Decent Work and Economic Growth</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Reducing Inequality</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sustainable Cities and Communities</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Responsible Consumption and Production</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Climate Action</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Life Below Water</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Life On Land</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Partnerships for the Goals</li>
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The goals are broad based and interdependent. The 17 sustainable development goals each have a list of targets which are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitoring_Education_for_Sustainable_Development" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monitoring Education for Sustainable Development">measured</a> with indicators. </div>
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In an effort to make the SDGs successful, data on the 17 goals has been made available in an easily-understood form. A variety of tools exist to track and visualize progress towards the goals.</div>
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<b>The Rockefeller Foundation asserts that "The key to financing and achieving the SDGs lies in mobilizing a greater share of the $200+ trillion in annual private capital investment flows toward development efforts, and philanthropy has a critical role to play in catalyzing this shift.</b>"</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Large-scale funders participating in a Rockefeller Foundation-hosted design thinking workshop (June 2017: Scaling Solutions) were realistic. They concluded that "while there is a moral imperative to achieve the SDGs, failure is inevitable if there aren't drastic changes to how we go about financing large scale change".</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The Economist estimated that alleviating poverty and achieving the other sustainable development goals will require about US$2–3 trillion per year for the next 15 years which they called "pure fantasy".</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">The World Bank says that estimates need to be made country by country, and reevaluated frequently over time.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In 2014, UNCTAD estimated the annual costs to achieving the UN Goals at $2.5 trillion per year.[154]</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In 2017 the UN launched the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development (UN IATF on FfD) that invited to a public dialogue.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In a policy paper, delivered by the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics, that conducts the World Social Capital Monitor, a UN SDG Partnership Initiative, the following figures on both the costs and the major sources to finance the SDGs have been published by the UN IATF on FfD:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b>Sustainable Development Report 2019</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Transformations to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.sustainabledevelopment.report/">https://www.sustainabledevelopment.report/</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-30986002861543131882018-07-02T03:41:00.001-07:002018-07-02T03:41:04.810-07:00Today in Energy<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
The New Energy Revolution</h3>
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You are living during a time when natural energy resources are in its prime.<br /><br />Environmentalists are finally getting a voice to make a huge impact in the oil and gas industry, by providing alternative fuels for vehicles and home energy heating solutions.<br /><br />This blog will cover the various trends in oil, gas and energy production as well as how it will improve the climate with reduced emissions. Transportation companies need to find renewable resources to meet the need of dwindling fuel production.<br /><br /><b>Top Trends in Green Energy:</b><br /><br />1. <b>Renewable Energy</b> - Sunlight, Wind, Rain Tides, Waves, Geothermal Heat, Biomass for power generation, heating homes and transporting fuels.<br /><br />A. Wind Power<br />B. Hydropower<br />C. Solar Energy<br />D. Biomass<br />E. Biofuel<br />F. Geothermal Energy<br />G. Hydroelectricity<br />H. Solar Thermal<br />I. Ocean Energy<br />J. Wave Power<br /><br />2. <b>Sustainable Energy</b> - Renewable energy sources for hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, tidal power for energy efficiency.<br /><br />A. Alternative Energy<br />B. Green Energy<br />C. Low Carbon Energy<br />D. Greenhouse Gas<br />E. Energy Security<br />F. Fossil Fuels<br />G. Solar Heating<br />H. Geothermal Energy<br />I. Solar Thermal<br />J. Nuclear Power<br /><br />As you can see there are many divisions when it comes to energy independence. Having the right sustainable energy research will help with improving efficiency for solar, wind, ethanol biofuels, geothermal as well as nuclear power plants for energy generation.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-18756947942997431092018-02-01T19:32:00.001-08:002019-12-27T18:37:21.632-08:00Renewable Energy Job TrendsRenewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.<br />
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Based on REN21's 2017 report, renewables contributed 19.3% to humans' global energy consumption and 24.5% to their generation of electricity in 2015 and 2016, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 8.9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (modern biomass, geothermal and solar heat), 3.9% from hydroelectricity and the remaining 2.2% is electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and other forms of biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015. In 2017, worldwide investments in renewable energy amounted to US$279.8 billion, with China accounting for US$126.6 billion or 45% of the global investments, the United States for US$40.5 billion, and Europe for US$40.9 billion. Globally, there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper and their share of total energy consumption is increasing. As of 2019 worldwide, more than two-thirds of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable. Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas.<br />
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At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond. Some places and at least two countries, Iceland and Norway, generate all their electricity using renewable energy already, and many other countries have the set a goal to reach 100% renewable energy in the future. At least 47 nations around the world already have over 50 percent of electricity from renewable resources. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to fossil fuels, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.<br />
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While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development.As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption. In addition, electrification with renewable energy is more efficient and therefore leads to significant reductions in primary energy requirements.<br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-46288880897155001082017-12-06T17:16:00.003-08:002019-12-10T13:12:20.539-08:00Biofuel<br />
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A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary processes from biomass, rather than a fuel produced by the very slow geological processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as oil. Since biomass technically can be used as a fuel directly (e.g. wood logs), some people use the terms biomass and biofuel interchangeably. More often than not however, the word biomass simply denotes the biological raw material the fuel is made of, or some form of thermally/chemically altered solid end product, like torrefied pellets or briquettes. The word biofuel is usually reserved for liquid or gaseous fuels, used for transportation. The EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration) follow this naming practice.[1] If the biomass used in the production of biofuel can regrow quickly, the fuel is generally considered to be a form of renewable energy.<br />
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Biofuel logo<br />
Biofuels can be produced from plants (i.e. energy crops), or from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes (if the waste has a biological origin).[2] Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation, such as those that occur in plants or microalgae through the process of photosynthesis.<br />
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Some argue that biofuel can be carbon-neutral because all biomass crops sequester carbon to a certain extent – basically all crops move CO2 from above-ground circulation to below-ground storage in the roots and the surrounding soil. For instance, McCalmont et al. found below-ground carbon accumulation ranging from 0.42 to 3.8 tonnes per hectare per year for soils below Miscanthus x giganteus energy crops,[3] with a mean accumulation rate of 1.84 tonne (0.74 tonnes per acre per year), [4] or 20% of total harvested carbon per year. [5]<br />
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GHG / CO2 / carbon negativity for Miscanthus x giganteus production pathways.<br />
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Relationship between above-ground yield (diagonal lines), soil organic carbon (X axis), and soil's potential for successful/unsuccessful carbon sequestration (Y axis). Basically, the higher the yield, the more land is usable as a GHG mitigation tool (including relatively carbon rich land.)<br />
However, the simple proposal that biofuel is carbon-neutral almost by definition has been superseded by the more nuanced proposal that for a particular biofuel project to be carbon neutral, the total carbon sequestered by the energy crop's root system must compensate for all the above-ground emissions (related to this particular biofuel project). This includes any emissions caused by direct or indirect land use change. Many first generation biofuel projects are not carbon neutral given these demands. Some have even higher total GHG emissions than some fossil based alternatives.[6][7][8]<br />
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Some are carbon neutral or even negative, though, especially perennial crops. The amount of carbon sequestrated and the amount of GHG (greenhouse gases) emitted will determine if the total GHG life cycle cost of a biofuel project is positive, neutral or negative. A carbon negative life cycle is possible if the total below-ground carbon accumulation more than compensates for the total life-cycle GHG emissions above ground. In other words, to achieve carbon neutrality yields should be high and emissions should be low.<br />
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High-yielding energy crops are thus prime candidates for carbon neutrality. The graphic on the right displays two CO2 negative Miscanthus x giganteus production pathways, represented in gram CO2-equivalents per megajoule. The yellow diamonds represent mean values. [9] Further, successful sequestration is dependent on planting sites, as the best soils for sequestration are those that are currently low in carbon. The varied results displayed in the graph highlights this fact. [10] For the UK, successful sequestration is expected for arable land over most of England and Wales, with unsuccessful sequestration expected in parts of Scotland, due to already carbon rich soils (existing woodland) plus lower yields. Soils already rich in carbon includes peatland and mature forest. Grassland can also be carbon rich, however Milner et al. argues that the most successful carbon sequestration in the UK takes place below improved grasslands. [11] The bottom graphic displays the estimated yield necessary to compensate for related lifecycle GHG-emissions. The higher the yield, the more likely CO2 negativity becomes.<br />
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The two most common types of biofuel are bioethanol and biodiesel.<br />
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Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form (E100), but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the United States and in Brazil.<br />
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Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe. It can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form (B100), but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles.<br />
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In 2018, worldwide biofuel production reached 152 billion liters (40 billion gallons US), up 7% from 2017,[12] and biofuels provided 3% of the world's fuels for road transport. The International Energy Agency want biofuels to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050, in order to reduce dependency on petroleum.[12] However, the production and consumption of biofuels are not on track to meet the IEA's sustainable development scenario. From 2020 to 2030 global biofuel output has to increase by 10% each year to reach IEA's goal. Only 3% growth annually is expected.[12]<br />
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Here are some various social, economic, environmental and technical issues relating to biofuels production and use, which have been debated in the popular media and scientific journals.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-38216108175085272692017-05-31T20:40:00.001-07:002019-12-10T13:13:06.199-08:00Sustainable energy or clean energy <div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<b>Sustainable energy</b> or <b>clean energy</b> is the practice of using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy">energy</a> in a way that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKutscherMilfordKreith2018_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKutscherMilfordKreith2018-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-REEEP_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy#cite_note-REEEP-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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Meeting the world's needs for energy in a sustainable way is widely considered to be one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Worldwide, nearly a billion people lack <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electrification">access to electricity</a>, and around 3 billion people rely on dirty fuels such as wood and animal dung for cooking. Production and consumption of energy cause around 72% of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions and are a major contributor to air pollution, which causes an estimated 7 million deaths per year. Proposed pathways for limiting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Global warming">global warming</a> to 1.5 °C describe rapid implementation of low-emission methods of producing electricity, a shift towards more use of electricity in sectors such as transport, and measures to reduce energy consumption. Achieving this goal will require government policies including <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_pricing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carbon pricing">carbon pricing</a> and energy-specific policies.</div>
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When referring to methods of producing energy, the term "sustainable energy" is often used interchangeably with the term "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>". In general, renewable energy sources such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solar energy">solar</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wind energy">wind</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> energy are widely considered to be sustainable. However, particular renewable energy projects, such as the clearing of forests for production of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>, can lead to similar or even worse environmental damage when compared to using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> energy. There is considerable controversy over whether <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a> can be considered sustainable.</div>
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Wind and solar energy produced approximately 4.5% of worldwide electricity in 2015. This proportion has grown rapidly and costs are projected to continue falling, but the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Variable renewable energy">intermittency</a> of these energy sources presents significant challenges.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-25885853882755980192017-01-25T23:28:00.001-08:002019-12-10T13:14:28.706-08:00Green building also known as green construction or sustainable building<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<b>Green building</b> (also known as <b>green construction</b> or <b>sustainable building</b>) refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentally_responsible" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Environmentally responsible">environmentally responsible</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource-efficient" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resource-efficient">resource-efficient</a> throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-plainiotis_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building#cite_note-plainiotis-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-epa.gov_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building#cite_note-epa.gov-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design</a> (LEED) is a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings which was developed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Green_Building_Council" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="U.S. Green Building Council">U.S. Green Building Council</a>. Another certificate system that confirms the sustainability of buildings is the British BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) for buildings and large-scale developments. Currently, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Green_Building_Council" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Green Building Council">World Green Building Council</a> is conducting research on the effects of green buildings on the health and productivity of their users and is working with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> to promote Green Buildings in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_Markets" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emerging Markets">Emerging Markets</a> through EDGE (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation#Green_buildings_in_developing_countries" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Finance Corporation">Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies</a>) Market Transformation Program and certification.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> There are also other tools such as Green Star in Australia and the Green Building Index (GBI) predominantly used in Malaysia.</div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modelling" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Building information modelling">Building information modelling (BIM)</a> is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places. Building information models (BIMs) are files (often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which can be extracted, exchanged or networked to support decision-making regarding a building or other built asset. Current BIM software is used by individuals, businesses and government agencies who plan, design, construct, operate and maintain diverse physical infrastructures, such as water, refuse, electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, railways, bridges, ports and tunnels.</div>
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Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective of green buildings is to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_building" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Healthy building">healthy building</a>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Reducing waste, pollution and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-epa.gov_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building#cite_note-epa.gov-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></li>
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A similar concept is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_building" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural building">natural building</a>, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_material" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural material">natural materials</a> that are available locally.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Other related topics include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sustainable design">sustainable design</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_architecture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Green architecture">green architecture</a>. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Although some green building programs don't address the issue of retrofitting existing homes, others do, especially through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_schemes_for_energy_efficient_refurbishment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment">public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment</a>. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.</div>
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A 2009 report by the U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Services_Administration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> found 12 sustainably-designed buildings that cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were overall more satisfied with the building than those in typical commercial buildings. These are eco-friendly buildings</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-15290357293441203662016-09-24T19:59:00.001-07:002019-12-10T13:15:28.890-08:00Green Energy Trends<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<b>Solar energy</b> is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solar irradiance">radiant light and heat from the Sun</a> that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_heating" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solar heating">solar heating</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solar thermal energy">solar thermal energy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_architecture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solar architecture">solar architecture</a>, molten salt power plants and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial photosynthesis">artificial photosynthesis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ie11_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy#cite_note-ie11-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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It is an important source of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and its technologies are broadly characterized as either <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Passive solar">passive solar</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_solar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Active solar">active solar</a> depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solar power">solar power</a>. Active solar techniques include the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Photovoltaic system">photovoltaic systems</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_water_heating" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solar water heating">solar water heating</a> to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_mass" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ventilation (architecture)">naturally circulate air</a>.</div>
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The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule#Multiples" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joule">exajoules</a> (EJ). This is several times larger than the total <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World energy consumption">world energy consumption</a>, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Energy_Assessment_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy#cite_note-World_Energy_Assessment-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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In 2011, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, and keep <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-74379963560405856552016-06-19T17:31:00.002-07:002019-12-10T13:16:03.249-08:00Science Technology<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<b>Hydropower</b> or <b>water power</b> (from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ὕδωρ</span>, "water") is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Power (physics)">power</a> derived from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy">energy</a> of falling or fast-running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower from many kinds of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Watermill">watermills</a> has been used as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> source for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gristmill" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gristmill">gristmills</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sawmill">sawmills</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Textile">textile</a> mills, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_hammer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trip hammer">trip hammers</a>, dock <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a>, domestic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elevator">lifts</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ore">ore</a> mills. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trompe">trompe</a>, which produces compressed air from falling water, is sometimes used to power other machinery at a distance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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In the late 19th century, hydropower became a source for generating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cragside" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cragside">Cragside</a> in Northumberland was the first house powered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> in 1878<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> and the first commercial hydroelectric power plant was built at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> in 1879. In 1881, street lamps in the city of Niagara Falls were powered by hydropower.</div>
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Since the early 20th century, the term has been used almost exclusively in conjunction with the modern development of hydroelectric power. International institutions such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> view hydropower as a means for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Economic development">economic development</a> without adding substantial amounts of carbon to the atmosphere,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WP5813_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower#cite_note-WP5813-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dam">dams</a> can have significant negative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_assessment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Social impact assessment">social</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impacts</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-per_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower#cite_note-per-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-45810984345742285522016-06-19T16:32:00.003-07:002019-12-10T13:16:39.022-08:00Solar energy saves the environment<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The endeavor to use <b>100% renewable energy</b> for electricity, heating/cooling and transport is motivated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, pollution and other environmental issues, as well as economic and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy security">energy security</a> concerns. Shifting the total global <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> supply to renewable sources requires a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy transition">transition of the energy system</a>. According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy use</a> has grown more quickly than even advocates anticipated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pg11_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-pg11-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> As of 2019, however, it needs to grow six times faster to limit global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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100% renewable energy in a country is typically a more challenging goal than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a>. The latter is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_mitigation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Climate mitigation">climate mitigation</a> target, politically decided by many countries, and may also be achieved by balancing the total <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> of the country (not only emissions from energy and fuel) with carbon dioxide removal and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_project" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carbon project">carbon projects</a> abroad.</div>
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In 2014, renewable sources such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wind power">wind</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solar energy">solar</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioenergy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bioenergy">biomass</a>, and burnt waste provided 19% of the total energy consumed worldwide, with roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Armaroli_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-Armaroli-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> The most important<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sector is electricity with a renewable share of 22.8%, most of it coming from hydropower with a share of 16.6%, followed by wind with 3.1%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Armaroli_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-Armaroli-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> As of 2018 according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REN21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="REN21">REN21</a> transformation is picking up speed in the power sector, but urgent action is required in heating, cooling and transport.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> There are many places around the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy. At the national level, at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of the energy supply.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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According to a review of the 181 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-review" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peer-review">peer-reviewed</a> papers on 100% renewable energy which were published until 2018, "[t]he great majority of all publications highlights the technical feasibility and economic viability of 100% RE systems." While there are still many publications which focus on electricity only, there is a growing number of papers that cover different energy sectors and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_coupling" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sector coupling">sector-coupled</a>, integrated energy systems. This cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and is based on the assumption "that the best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hansen_et_al._10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-Hansen_et_al.-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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Professors S. Pacala and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Socolow" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert H. Socolow">Robert H. Socolow</a> of Princeton University have developed a series of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_stabilization_wedge" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Climate stabilization wedge">climate stabilization wedges</a>" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pacala_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-Pacala-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mark Z. Jacobson">Mark Z. Jacobson</a>, professor of civil and environmental engineering at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and director of its Atmosphere and Energy program, says that producing all new energy with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solar power">solar power</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> by 2030 is feasible, and that existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cost of electricity by source">energy costs</a> today with a wind, solar, and water system should be similar to today's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enpol2011_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-enpol2011-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> The main obstacle against this scenario is the lack of political will.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> His conclusions have been disputed by other researchers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disputeJacobson_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-disputeJacobson-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> Jacobson published a response that disputed the piece point by point<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> and claimed that the authors were motivated by allegiance to energy technologies that the 2015 paper excluded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disputeJacobson_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-disputeJacobson-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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Similarly, in the United States, the independent <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Research Council (United States)">National Research Council</a> has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy security">energy security</a>, and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NRC_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#cite_note-NRC-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></div>
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The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are political rather than technological. According to the 2013 <i>Post Carbon Pathways</i> report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fossil fuels lobby">fossil fuels lobby</a>, political inaction, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sustainable energy">unsustainable energy consumption</a>, outdated <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_infrastructure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy infrastructure">energy infrastructure</a>, and financial constraints.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-66290735582856044082015-10-24T17:28:00.001-07:002019-12-10T13:17:29.709-08:00Science Discovery<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<b>Wind power</b> or <b>wind energy</b> is the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wind">wind</a> to provide the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mechanical power">mechanical power</a> through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> to turn <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electric generator">electric generators</a> and traditionally to do other work, like milling or pumping. Wind power is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, and has a much smaller <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_wind_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Environmental impact of wind power">impact on the environment</a> compared to burning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wind farm">Wind farms</a> consist of many individual wind turbines, which are connected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a> network. Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electric power, competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lazard2018_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-Lazard2018-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Onshore wind farms also have an impact on the landscape, as typically they need to be spread over more land than other power stations<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grantham_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-grantham-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-energyfootprint_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-energyfootprint-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> and need to be built in wild and rural areas, which can lead to "industrialization of the countryside"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Szarka_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-Szarka-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-energyfootprint_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-energyfootprint-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Offshore wind power">offshore farms</a> have less visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are higher. Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wind_Energy_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-Wind_Energy-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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Wind is an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_energy_source" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intermittent energy source">intermittent energy source</a>, which cannot make electricity nor be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatchable_generation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatched</a> on demand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grantham_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-grantham-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> It also gives <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Variable renewable energy">variable power</a>, which is consistent from year to year but varies greatly over shorter time scales. Therefore, it must be used together with other electric power sources or storage to give a reliable supply. As the proportion of wind power in a region increases, more conventional power sources are needed to back it up (such as fossil fuel power and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>), and the grid may need to be upgraded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ieawind_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-ieawind-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-abbess_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-abbess-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Power-management techniques such as having <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatchable_generation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatchable</a> power sources, enough <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a>, excess capacity, geographically distributed turbines, exporting and importing power to neighboring areas, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a>, or reducing demand when wind production is low, can in many cases overcome these problems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eirgrid_impact_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-eirgrid_impact-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nicola_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-nicola-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecast" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weather forecast">Weather forecasting</a> permits the electric-power network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-huang_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-huang-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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In 2018, global wind power capacity grew 9.6% to 591 GW.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> In 2017, yearly wind energy production grew 17%, reaching 4.4% of worldwide electric power usage,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bp2018_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-bp2018-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> and providing 11.6% of the electricity in the European Union.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EWEA2015_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-EWEA2015-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> is the country with the highest penetration of wind power, with 43.4% of its consumed electricity from wind in 2017.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-enet42_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power#cite_note-enet42-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> At least 83 other countries are using wind power to supply their electric power grids</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7495657702332856197.post-63687352380163700462013-03-13T23:25:00.000-07:002019-12-10T13:17:51.518-08:00The New Energy Revolution<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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You are living during a time when natural energy resources are in its prime.<br />
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Environmentalists are finally getting a voice to make a huge impact in the oil and gas industry, by providing alternative fuels for vehicles and home energy heating solutions.<br />
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This blog will cover the various trends in oil, gas and energy production as well as how it will improve the climate with reduced emissions. Transportation companies need to find renewable resources to meet the need of dwindling fuel production.<br />
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<b>Top Trends in Green Energy:</b><br />
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1. <b>Renewable Energy</b> - Sunlight, Wind, Rain Tides, Waves, Geothermal Heat, Biomass for power generation, heating homes and transporting fuels.<br />
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A. Wind Power<br />
B. Hydropower<br />
C. Solar Energy<br />
D. Biomass<br />
E. Biofuel<br />
F. Geothermal Energy<br />
G. Hydroelectricity<br />
H. Solar Thermal<br />
I. Ocean Energy<br />
J. Wave Power<br />
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2. <b>Sustainable Energy</b> - Renewable energy sources for hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, tidal power for energy efficiency.<br />
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A. Alternative Energy<br />
B. Green Energy<br />
C. Low Carbon Energy<br />
D. Greenhouse Gas<br />
E. Energy Security<br />
F. Fossil Fuels<br />
G. Solar Heating<br />
H. Geothermal Energy<br />
I. Solar Thermal<br />
J. Nuclear Power<br />
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As you can see there are many divisions when it comes to energy independence. Having the right sustainable energy research will help with improving efficiency for solar, wind, ethanol biofuels, geothermal as well as nuclear power plants for energy generation.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com